南羌塘盆地中-新生代逆冲推覆构造样式及构造应力场特征

新生代印度板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞挤压,造成南羌塘地块向南逆冲于拉萨地块之上,并在南羌塘地块内部形成了一系列的由北往南的逆冲推覆构造。然而,到目前为止,我们对这些逆冲推覆构造及夹持其间的褶皱变形的结构组成、构造样式、形成时代以及缩短量分布等问题仍存在很大的争议。本文在详细的野外调查基础上,对赛布错-扎加藏布断裂（SZT）,多玛-其香错断裂（DQT）,隆鄂尼褶断带（LF）及南羌塘与中央隆起带分界的肖查卡-双湖断裂（XST）进行了几何学、运动学分析,建立了精细的构造框架。我们认为这些断裂为始新世以来形成的同时期的叠瓦状逆冲推覆;并通过野外褶皱形态,结合层面、节理面、断层面滑动矢量的分析,识别出南羌塘盆地4期构造应力场：1） 代表中特提斯俯冲碰撞阶段的近S-N 向的挤压;2） 中特提斯碰撞后,随着班公湖-怒江缝合带的形成,南羌塘地区构造应力场转为S-N 向的伸展;3） 新生代印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞,青藏高原进入陆内变形阶段,南羌塘盆地内表现为NE-SW 向的挤压,形成本文提及的一系列逆冲推覆构造;4） 随着高原的持续隆升,约14 Ma南北向裂谷开始活动,应力场转为NWW-SEE 向伸展,形成双湖裂谷系。     

西藏曲珍过铝花岗岩地球化学特征及地球动力学意义

对西藏曲珍过铝花岗岩的地球化学研究表明,岩石中SiO_2、Al_2O_3和K_2O的含量均很高,贫TiO_2和Fe_2O_3;SiO_2变化为72．72%～73．34%,为铝和硅过饱和类型,属典型的含白云母过铝质花岗岩(MPG)。稀土元素总量(∑REE)为99．71×10~(-6)-132．85×10~(-6),稀土元素配分曲线显示铕负异常明显,具负铈异常。Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素具有明显的负异常,而La、Nd、Y等大离子亲石元素具有明显的正异常。过铝指数图、微量元素标准化蛛网图、岩石组合R_1-R_2图解、Rb-(Y+Nb)和Nb-Y图解均指示曲珍岩体是产生于同碰撞环境的花岗岩,其定位机制与板片俯冲、碰撞后陆内调整有关。Sr和Nd同位素组成具非常负的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-14．8～-15．4)和非常老的Nd模式年龄,表明其来源可能是古老的上地壳物质,而ε_(Sr)(t)-ε_(Nd)(t)图解也支持其上地壳来源。岩体具有较高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始比值(0．72699～0．73884)特征,据此推断曲珍过铝花岗岩成因是陆壳部分熔融作用产物。岩浆源区可能以粘土岩为主,砂质岩占次要地位,是成熟陆块部分熔融作用的结果。     

渭河盆地地裂缝群发机理及东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡构造成因研究

利用渭河盆地2001—2008年高精度GPS监测资料,结合区域构造特点建立了渭河盆地有限元动力学模型,基于此研究了区域现今地壳应力场特征,深入分析了构造应力场与盆地内地裂缝群发之间的内在关系,首次基于空间大地测量定量的揭示出了区域构造应力场与盆地内地裂缝群发的内在动力学联系,及盆地东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡的根本成因.研究结果表明:渭河盆地现今地壳应力场差异性显著,主要呈现出中、东部以NW-SE向拉张为主,西部则以NW-SE向压缩应力为主,整体具有相对左旋运动趋势,与区域以往长期构造变形具有较好的继承性;分析揭示出区域NW-SE向拉张构造应力正是盆地内中、东部地裂缝群发的力源机制,而盆地内差异性构造应力场也正是导致盆地东、西部地裂缝发育不均衡的根本原因所在,由此进一步证实了渭河盆地地裂缝的强构造属性,其是由活断层在上述力源机制作用下,以蠕滑形式错断地层使土层破裂而形成的.本文研究结果为盆地地裂缝灾害防治、城市安全建设提供了重要信息.     

对青海锡铁山矿区几个关键地质问题的认识

锡铁山矿区晚奥陶世滩间山群与早元古代达肯大坂群间的接角关系为隐蔽不整合,其间发育基底剥离断层（Ｆ１）,基底剥离断层之下的“过渡带”实际上是一条退条质的下滑型韧性剪切带。而滩间山群则被构造肢解为Ｏ３ｔｍ＾ａ－ｂ褶叠层与Ｏ３ｔｎ＾ｃ－ｄ褶皱冲断岩片,其间发育上剥离断层（Ｆ２）,两条剥离断层面上、下因构造剥蚀充失了大厌地层。并认为和里东晚期的伸展构造体制形成锡铁山变质核杂岩,海西期的抗日压构造体制形成褶     

Central Himalayan crystallines as the primary source for the sandstone–mudstone suites of the Siwalik Group: New geochemical evidence

Geochemistry of the Sub-Himalayan foreland basin Siwalik sediments has been used for interpreting the nature of the source rocks. This study has shown that the compositional changes are a function of stratigraphic height, demonstrated by the upward increase of P₂O₅, Na₂O, CaO, MgO and SiO₂ content from Lower to the Upper Siwalik rocks. On the other hand, K₂O, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ show decrease with the increasing stratigraphic height. These trends are a clear reflection of time-controlled changes in the source lithology. Ratios such as Eu/Eu*, (La/Lu)_cn, La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, and Cr/Th suggest a prominent felsic source area for the Siwalik sediments. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern with LREE enrichment and moderately flat HREE pattern with sharp negative Eu anomaly are attributed to a felsic source. Contrary to the existing belief, this study has ruled out any contribution from the mafic sources and highlighted the compositional similarities of Siwalik sediments with the crustal proxies like PAAS, NASC and UCC. The geochemical data point to a significant role played by the Precambrian and early Paleozoic granitic rocks of the Himalayan tectogene in shaping the composition of the foreland sediments. The variable CIA values and marked depletion in Na, Mg and Ca exhibited by the Lower, Middle and Upper Siwalik sediments reflect variable climatic zones and variations in the rate of tectonic uplift of the source area. Our results demonstrate that in the Lower Siwalik and part of the Middle Siwalik, Higher Himalayan Crystalline sequence (HHCS) was the primary source area with minor contributions by the meta-sedimentary succession of the Lesser Himalaya. Later, during the deposition of the upper part of the Middle Siwalik and Upper Siwalik, the source terrain switched positions. These two prominent source terrains supplied sediments in steadily changing proportion through time.     

祁连造山带研究概况——历史,现状及展望

回顾了祁连造山带的研究历史，对研究现状作了简要总结。认为在祁连造山带已初步建立起岩石圈结构及动力学模型，划分了板块构造单元，祁连山自震理纪以来先后出现大陆裂谷和板块构造两种构造体制及三种不同类型的造山作用（俯冲造山，碰撞造山和陆内造山）而构造体制变更，盆地类型转换以及造山作用类型变化的地球动力学机制是地幔柱构造。提出了造山带研究现存在的关键问题，对未来的研究进行了展望，作者认为祁连山造山理论的研究     

贺兰山构造带及邻区中-新生代构造事件:来自不整合面和裂变径迹的约束

贺兰山构造带及邻区的构造属性长期以来存在争议,确定该地区中新生代的构造事件及隆升过程是了解这一重要陆内变形带动力学机制的关键所在。本文采用不整合面分析法和低温热年代学方法,综合分析探讨了贺兰山构造带及邻区中新生代的构造事件及其构造演化过程。通过对该地区的野外地质调查,本次在中-新生代地层中由底到顶识别出6个不同类型的不整合面,它们分别是:(1) T_2-3/P平行不整合面;(2) J/AnJ角度不整合面-微角度不整合面;(3) K_1/AnK_1高角度不整合面;(4) E_3q/AnE_3;(5) N_1/AnN_1;(6) Q/An Q。在T_3d^3、J_2y和K_1变形前锋,可见与逆冲-褶皱造山带相关的同构造沉积生长地层,其在形态上表现为超覆、削截,在黄草滩等地局部与倒转背斜相伴生。这些不整合和生长地层是构造活动的直接证据。本次研究对采自该地区的12件样品分别进行了磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹测年及热史模拟分析。结果表明,裂变径迹年龄主要分布在4个区间,对应地质时代分别为中侏罗世-晚侏罗世(168～159Ma)、早白垩世末(139～91Ma)、晚白垩世末(79～66Ma)、始新世(59～50Ma),反映出该地区在这4个时期发生了明显的冷却抬升事件,且这4期构造事件与野外观察到的地质特征有很好的地质响应。同时,热史模拟表明该地区整体上经历了晚侏罗世、早白垩世、晚白垩世末-始新世3期快速隆升事件。综合研究表明,该地区主体逆冲褶皱的时间是从中侏罗世开始,早白垩世末构造运动最强烈,新生代又有所活动。     

岳西菖蒲地区超高压变质带内的构造地层序列与叠加褶皱型式

以大别造山带南部菖蒲地区为解剖区,结合区域地质调查分析,建立了包括浅变质岩层、超高压变质岩片在内的构造地层序列—岩片组合。对其组成特征、界面性质、形成时代、变形序列等,进行了较系统阐明,并对叠加褶皱型式及形成机制进行了讨论。     

The Cihai diabase in the Beishan region,NW China: Isotope geochronology,geochemistry and implications for Cornwall-style iron mineralization

Diabase dykes in Cihai, Beishan region, NW China are spatially and temporally associated with ‘Cornwall-type’ iron deposits. U–Pb dating of zircons from a diabase dyke using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) yields an age of 128.5 ± 0.3 Ma, indicating an Early Cretaceous crystallization age. Most of the diabases show low Mg-numbers, suggesting evolved magmas. The diabase dykes show typical ophitic or sub-ophitic textures, and are dominantly composed of phenocrysts of plagioclase (40–50%) and clinopyroxene (30–45%), with minor and varying amounts of biotite and hornblende (1–5%), and minor disseminated magnetite (∼5%). Their mineralogy reflects magma differentiation under relatively low oxygen fugacity conditions. The diabase dykes are characterized by minor variation in SiO₂ (44.67–49.76 wt.%) and MnO (0.14–0.26 wt.%), but show a marked range of Al₂O₃ (10.66–14.21 wt.%), total Fe₂O₃ (9.52–13.88 wt.%), TiO₂ (0.66–2.82 wt.%) and relatively high MgO (4.87–9.29 wt.%) with an Mg# value [atomic Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺)] of up to 66. The Cihai diabases possibly experienced fractional crystallization of olivine + clinopyroxene and minor crustal contamination during the differentiation process. Prominent negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies suggest derivation from subduction-modified mantle. Furthermore, the rocks have relatively unradiogenic Sr- and Nd-isotopic ratios. These characteristics probably reflect partial melting of a subduction component in the source mantle lithosphere through heat input from an upwelling asthenospheric mantle. Such processes probably occurred within an extensional setting during the Early Cretaceous in the Beishan area. The iron-rich fluids were derived from deep sources, and the iron ores were concentrated through a convection cell driven by temperature gradients established by the intrusion of the diabase sills. The combined processes of subduction-related enrichment in the source, shallow depth of emplacement, and the involvement of large-scale circulation of basinal brines from an evaporitic source are inferred to have contributed to the formation of the ‘Cornwall-type’ mineralization in Cihai.     

Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area (South China). Part two: Numerical simulation of tectonic stress field and prediction of fractures distribution

A tectonics sedimentation evolution has been researched in Southeast Chongqing, and the reasonable Longmaxi shale highstand system tract (HST) and transgressive system tract (TST) geological model were built respectively based on the rock mechanical test and acoustic emission experiment which the samples are from field outcrop and the Yuye-1 well. The Longmaxi shale two-dimension tectonic stress field during the Cenozoic was simulated by the finite element method, and the distribution of fractures was predicted. The research results show that the tectonic stress field and the distribution of fractures were controlled by lithology and structure. As a result of Cretaceous movement, there are trough-like folds (wide spaced synclines), battlement-like folds (similar spaces between synclines and anticlines) and ejective folds (wide spaced anticlines), which are regularly distributed from southeast to northwest in the study area. Since the strain rate and other physical factors such as the viscosity are not taken into account, and the stress intensity is the main factor that determines the tectonic strength. Therefore, the stronger tectonic strength leads the higher stress intensity in the eastern and southeastern study area than in the northwest. The fracture zones are mainly concentrated in the fold axis, transition locations of faults and folds, the regions where are adjacent to faults. The fragile mineral contents (such as siliceous rock, carbonate rock and feldspar) in the shelf facies shale from south of the study area are higher than in the bathyal facies and abyssal facies shale from center of the study area. The shales characterized by low Poisson’s ratio and high elastic modulus from south of the study area are easily broken during Cenozoic orogenic movement.