HydRun: A MATLAB toolbox for rainfall–runoff analysis

Understanding the nature of streamflow response to precipitation inputs is at the core of hydrological applications and water resource management. Indices such as the base flow index, recession constant, and response lag of a watershed retain an important place in hydrology as metrics to compare watersheds and understand the impact of human activity, geology, geomorphology, soils, and climate on precipitation–runoff relations. Extracting characteristics of the hyetograph–hydrograph relationship is often done manually, which is time consuming and may result in subjective and potentially inconsistent outcomes. Here, we present a MATLAB‐based toolbox, called HydRun, for rapid and flexible rainfall–runoff analysis. HydRun uses a series of flexible routines to extract base flow from the hydrograph and then computes commonly used time instants of the rainfall–runoff relationship. HydRun provides users the flexibility to decide thresholds and limits of analysis, but objectively computes hydrometric indices. The toolkit includes a graphical user interface and example files. In this paper, we apply HydRun to 4 watersheds, 3 in Scotland and 1 in Canada, to demonstrate the software functions and highlight important decisions the user must make in its application.     

A new depression‐dominated delineation (D‐cubed) method for improved watershed modelling

Prior to hydrologic modelling, topographic features of a surface are derived, and the surface is divided into sub‐basins. Surface delineation can be described as a procedure, which leads to the quantitative rendition of surface topography. Different approaches have been developed for surface delineation, but most of them may not be applicable to depression‐dominated surfaces. The main objective of this study is to introduce a new depression‐dominated delineation (D‐cubed) method and highlight its unique features by applying it to different topographic surfaces. The D‐cubed method accounts for the hierarchical relationships of depressions and channels by introducing the concept of channel‐based unit (CBU) and its connection with the concept of puddle‐based unit (PBU). This new delineation method implements a set of new algorithms to determine flow directions and accumulations for puddle‐related flats. The D‐cubed method creates a unique cascaded channel‐puddle drainage system based on the channel segmentation algorithm. To demonstrate the capabilities of the D‐cubed method, a small laboratory‐scale surface and 2 natural surfaces in North Dakota were delineated. The results indicated that the new method delineated different surfaces with and without the presence of depressional areas. Stepwise changes in depression storage and ponding area were observed for the 3 selected surfaces. These stepwise changes highlighted the dynamic filling, spilling, and merging processes of depressions, which need to be considered in hydrologic modelling for depression‐dominated areas. Comparisons between the D‐cubed method and other methods emphasized the potential consequences of use of artificial channels through the flats created by the depression‐filling process in the traditional approaches. In contrast, in the D‐cubed method, sub‐basins were further divided into a number of smaller CBUs and PBUs, creating a channel‐puddle drainage network. The testing of the D‐cubed method also demonstrated its applicability to a wide range of digital elevation model resolutions. Consideration of CBUs, PBUs, and their connection provides the opportunity to incorporate the D‐cubed method into different hydrologic models and improve their simulation of topography‐controlled runoff processes, especially for depression‐dominated areas.     

主动式海洋微波遥感探测原理和应用

本文阐述了海洋微波遥感的几种主动式探测仪器：雷达高度计、表面等高线雷达、散射计、雷达海洋波谱计和合成孔径雷达的简单工作原理，并对它们在海洋学研究中的应用的优劣点进行了分析。应该明确的是：微波遥感对海洋学研究是至关重要的，它可以实现别的方法所不能实现的测量。它的结果更多地应用在海洋动力学的各个研究和应用方面。     

富钴结壳资源评价和圈矿方法探讨

分析和讨论了我国现行富钴结壳资源评价所用的算术平均法在基础数据获取方面存在的问题,给出了相应的改进方案,并提出和引入了见矿率、成矿系数等新的评价参数,改进了现有方法的不足.围绕目前迫切需要解决的结壳圈矿工作中的界线问题,从调查方法、资料处理和界线确定等三方面进行了相应的理论探讨.这些工作将为当前我国富钴结壳申请矿区的选择、圈定以及资源评价提供技术支撑,也是后续矿区加密调查和钴结壳储量精细计算的重要依据.     

富钴结壳多维数据模型及矿区圈定研究

通过对各种矿区圈定数据的分析,运用地理信息系统(GIS)建立了地形、品位、厚度和矿区的多维数据模型,并根据国际海底管理局提出的矿区选取模型对某海山进行了矿区圈定,给出了一种矿区圈定结果,提出了矿区圈定优劣性评价参数并对结果进行了评价.研究结果表明,受数据量的限制,数据模型的效果不是非常理想,有必要结合地球物理数据进一步研究;在相同的勘探条件下,应用小块段模型比应用大块段模型可以获得更优的资源远景区;富钴结壳连续矿区中的斑状空白只有在面积大于一定值时才会对块段的放置和数量产生影响.     

无人机遥感影像林地单株立木信息提取

针对无人机遥感技术在提取单株立木信息的限制性问题,提出一种新的自动单株立木信息提取方法。对原始无人机影像进行光谱信息增强处理以突出局部细节特征;通过引入DBI指数自动化确定K-means聚类方法的最优聚类数目,进而对影像像素进行标记;通过利用高斯马尔可夫随机场模型进一步对影像进行分割;使用数学形态学算子等方法对分割结果进行后处理得到单株立木树冠信息,通过图像几何矩原理计算得到单株立木位置以作为其识别的依据。结果表明,应用该提取方法,油松林区和樟子松林区单株立木识别总体精度分别为89.52%和95.65%、单木树冠提取精度分别为81.90%和95.65%,均具有较好地适用性。该方法不需要大量的人工干预和先验知识的输入,大大提高提取方法的自动化程度。     

A hard instrument goes soft: The implications of the Convention on Biological Diversity's current trajectory

The relentless loss of biological diversity, which will have a direct impact on human society and degrade ecosystem buffers against the extremes of climate perturbation, requires a strong global governance response. Of the numerous international legal instruments relating to the protection of nature, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the most comprehensive. This paper examines its current emphasis on global biodiversity targets to extend our understanding of its trajectory, and its evolving nature as an instrument of global governance. We review CBD documents, and early examinations of its emergent character, in the context of the distinction between hard and soft law approaches, and combine analysis on the issue of targets from the literature on development, climate change and conservation biology. We emphasise that the CBD, created as a hard law instrument with a framework character, had the clear facility to develop subsidiary hard law instruments in the form of protocols but has not significantly followed this route. We document how its approach - which has been typically ‘soft’, as exemplified by its focus on global biodiversity targets which are not backed up by obligations - suggests it operates de facto as policy rather than an instrument requiring state action. The adoption of global targets has parallels with other initiatives within global governance and may influence international political agendas, but they have failed to provide practical instruments for national implementation. Conditions may now exist for the CBD to develop focussed hard legal instruments in specific areas of its wide remit that support realistic targets.     

三江成矿带斑岩型矿床成矿模式与找矿方向研究

通过系统分析斑岩成矿作用,厘定出3种斑岩型矿床的成矿环境,建立了3种成矿环境下的斑岩型矿床成矿模式,即印支期岛弧俯冲造山斑岩型矿床成矿模式、燕山期造山后与伸展作用有关的斑岩型矿床成矿模式和喜山期陆内转换造山斑岩型矿床成矿模式。根据区域斑岩型矿床成矿模式和典型矿床的研究,总结出三江成矿带斑岩型矿床找矿模型。以找矿模型为基础,采用证据权重法,优选出5个斑岩型矿床成矿远景区,并定量圈定了19个找矿靶区,为本区斑岩型矿床找矿工作指出了方向。     

大厂矿田铜坑矿矿体二次圈定的技术经济效果

铜坑矿近几年来主要开采92#贫矿体的边部,矿体厚度急速变小,形态不规则,分支复合较多。为了提高经济效益,急需重新准确圈定和控制矿体边界。经过几年来的实践证明,在贫矿和边部矿段开采过程中,通过矿体边界的二次圈定,能有效降低贫化损失,这是矿山企业获取经济效益的重要途径。     

An analytical approach to capture zone delineation for a well near a stream with a leaky layer

Abstract

An analytical solution is developed to delineate the capture zone of a pumping well in an aquifer with a regional flow perpendicular to a stream, assuming a leaky layer between the stream and the aquifer. Three different scenarios are considered for different pumping rates. At low pumping rates, the capture zone boundary will be completely contained in the aquifer. At medium pumping rates, the tip of the capture zone boundary will intrude into the leaky layer. Under these two scenarios, all the pumped water is supplied from the regional groundwater flow in the aquifer. At high pumping rates, however, the capture zone boundary intersects the stream and pumped water is supplied from both the aquifer and the stream. The two critical pumping rates which separate these three scenarios, as well as the proportion of pumped water from the stream and the aquifer, are determined for different hydraulic settings.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Koussis

Citation Asadi-Aghbolaghi, M., Rakhshandehroo, G.R., and Kompani-Zare, M., 2013. An analytical approach to capture zone delineation for a well near a stream with a leaky layer. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1813–1823.