基于DEM的平缓地区水系提取和流域分割的流向算法分析

本文以地势较为平坦的秦淮河流域为实验样区,以高精度DEM(5m分辨率)和地形图水系为基础数据,对比分析了单流向算法(D8算法)、多流向算法(Dinf法)以及添加数字化河道信息后的单流向算法(AgreeD8算法)3种算法下水系提取和流域分割的结果。实验结果表明,提取得到的水系更逼近于实际河网,该算法既有效提高了水系提取和流域分割的精度,又保留了D8算法模型简单、稳定性强、运行效率高等优点。     

Deriving drainage networks and catchment boundaries: a new methodology combining digital elevation data and environmental characteristics

Digital data on the position and characteristics of river networks and catchments are important for the analysis of pressures and impacts on water resources. GIS tools allow for the combined analysis of digital elevation data and environmental parameters in order to derive this kind of information. This article presents a new approach making use of medium-resolution digital elevation data (250-m grid cell size) and information on climate, vegetation cover, terrain morphology, soils and lithology to derive river networks and catchments over extended areas.In general, methods to extract channel networks at small scale use a constant threshold for the critical contributing area, independent of widely varying landscape conditions. As a consequence, the resulting drainage network does not reflect the natural variability in drainage density. To overcome this limitation, a classification of the landscape is proposed. The various data available are analysed in an integrated approach in order to characterise the terrain with respect to its ability to develop lower or higher drainage densities, resulting in five landscape types. For each landscape type, the slope–area relationship is then derived and the critical contributing area is determined. In the subsequent channel extraction, a dedicated critical contributing area threshold is used for each landscape type.The described methodology has been developed and tested for the territory of Italy. Results have been validated comparing the derived data with river and catchment data sets from other sources and at varying scales. Good agreement both in terms of river superimposition and drainage density could be demonstrated.     

高精度航磁资料圈定隐伏岩体的效果

通过新完成的云南省罗平-文山地区1:10万高精度航磁资料,对比已知中酸性岩体的圆环状磁场特征,发现有多处磁异常与已知中酸性岩体磁异常相似,结合物性及地质、重力、化探等资料认为,这些圆环状磁异常主要是隐伏中酸性侵入岩的反映.中酸性侵入岩与银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿产关系密切,这类磁异常区是间接寻找上述矿产的有利地带.     

Flood delineation in a large and complex alluvial valley, lower Pa´nuco basin, Mexico

Determining the extent of flooding is an important role of the hydrological research community and provides a vital service to planners and engineers. For large river systems located within distant settings it is practical to utilize a remote sensing approach. This study combines a remote sensing and geomorphic approach to delineate the extent of a large hurricane generated flood event in the lower Pánuco basin (98,227 km²), the seventh largest river system draining into the Gulf of Mexico. The lower Pánuco basin is located within the coastal plain of eastern Mexico and has a complex alluvial valley. Data sources included a Landsat 5TM and Landsat 7ETM⁺ scene, and topographic and particle size data from fieldwork and laboratory analysis. The Landsat 5TM image was acquired after the peak of a large flood event in 1993, whereas the Landsat 7ETM⁺ scene was acquired during the dry season in 2000. The increasing number of days between flood crest and the date of flood image acquisition along the river valley provided the opportunity to examine several methods of flood delineation and to consider differences in floodplain geomorphology. Backswamp environments were easily delineated in flooded reaches within the Panuco and Tamuin valleys, whereas in the Moctezuma valley more sophisticated methods were required because of the greater time between image acquisition and flood peak, and the complex floodplain topography. This included Principal Component (PC) analysis and image classification. Within the floodplain, residual Holocene terraces complicated flood mapping. Classification of both images allowed consideration of the influence of permanent standing water. Although the flooded areas were greater in the lower reaches of the study area, because this portion of the valley contained large floodplain lakes, the amount of inundation was actually lower. Remote sensing offers the ability to examine large alluvial valleys in distant settings but does not imply that geomorphic criteria should be excluded. Indeed, because of heterogeneous floodplain topography this study illustrates the importance of including field based geomorphic analysis so that the complexity of distinct floodplain environments are considered. The findings from this study are significant because most remote sensing data obtained for the purpose of flood mapping will not coincide with the flood crest. Thus, this study provides an appropriate method for mapping flood inundation in large and complex floodplain settings after flood crest recession.     

西藏食物生产系统的区划研究

运用农牧业经济的指标,结合自然生态因子,运用GIS技术对西藏食物生产系统进行区划。结果分为农区、半农半牧区、牧区和农林牧区四个分区。并详述了4个分区的特点。     

Delineation of an exhumed intermediate-depth crustal fault in a collisional setting: An example from the Himalaya

The regionally prominent main boundary thrust (MBT) of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in northwest India is typically defined by the presence of Proterozoic rocks in the hanging wall and Cenozoic rocks in the footwall. The present study focuses on identifying the MBT contact across Gambar River section in Himachal Pradesh, India, using alternative methodologies, such as the meter-scale litho-structural mapping, followed by detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology to precisely identify the thrust contact and provide insights on the deformation history of the MBT zone. We have identified a sharp change in the age (from ~600 to ~61 Ma) of the sedimentary units along a narrow zone in the study area by detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology using LA-ICP-MS. The sharp change in the detrital zircon U–Pb age data thus delineate the MBT occurring in the area along a < ~1 m thickness. The lithological assemblage and the age data indicate the unified maximum depositional age from ~700 to ~600 Ma for the hanging wall rocks, which have been equated with the Krol Group of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS). In comparison, the footwall rocks exhibit the maximum depositional age of ~61 Ma and have been equated with the Cenozoic Subathu Formation of the Sub-Himalayan Sequence (SHS).     

Modelling hydrological processes and nutrient retention in plain polders

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is limited in plain polders, where hydrological and nutrient processes are confined by water conservancy facilities such as dikes and pumping stations. Watershed delineation techniques are proposed to enable SWAT to simulate these processes in a plain polder in Jiangxiang Town (Nanchang County, Jiangxi Province, China). Drainage unit division and multiple-outlet modelling approaches are introduced, and the main river network and land features are incorporated into a digital elevation model (DEM), so that drainage unit delineation can agree well with real flow direction and concentration. The impoundments of pumping stations are regarded as functioning like reservoirs, which are set up in the SWAT model to simulate confined hydrological processes. The results show that confined hydrological and nutrient processes in plain polders are simulated well; the retention rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus are estimated as, respectively, 39% and 29% in both streams and impoundments.     

再论双品位指标圈矿与尚难利用(表外)储量

通过对工业品位应用和产生条件的分析,揭示了单工程或块段最低工业品位（ 文中简称工业品位）并非圈矿指标和储量分类的标准。提出了在技术条件允许的前提下,普查阶段的矿床最低工业品位是勘查各阶段划分储量类别的标准,质量介于边界品位与单工程或块段最低工业品位之间的、不能成为独立开发对象的储量部分属于表内储量。在现行储量计算方法下,边界品位是合理的圈矿用品位指标     

“三联式”成矿预测新进展

随着信息技术的发展 ,矿产勘查已步入数字化、定量化研究的新阶段。“三联式”成矿预测以地质异常分析为基础 ,以成矿多样性分析与矿床谱系研究为指导 ,将地质异常、成矿多样性及矿床谱系 3方面定量化研究紧密结合形成矿产预测及定量评价的切入点 ,是实现“数字找矿”的创新探索。文中对“三联式”成矿预测的基本理论进行了论述 ,结合在固体矿产和油气资源预测评价中的最新研究成果 ,重点论述了“三联式”成矿预测中的地质异常动态演化解析思路和“5P”靶区逐步逼近法。研究认为 :不同时期地质异常各自包含的矿产类型、组合特征与资源潜力等均有明显差异 ,应用地质异常动态演化的解析思路与方法 ,有效提取与相应成矿事件密切相关的致矿地质异常 ,是提高预测成果科学预见性的关键。并且 ,随着“三联式”成矿预测研究的不断深入 ,找矿信息由少到多 ,找矿范围由大到小 ,靶区级别由低到高 ,找矿成功概率逐步增大 ,勘探风险逐步降低。“5P”靶区圈定 ,从 1P到 5P依次研究目标内涵增大、外延减小、预测对象 (矿产种类及成因类型 )渐趋明确。     

湘东地区断裂活动性及潜在震源区划分研究

湘东地区(湖南省东部地区)地处华南褶皱系内,经历了多次构造运动,地层普遍褶皱,并伴有一系列NNE—NE向断裂,沿这些断裂形成一些断陷盆地;新构造运动期间,地壳运动以大面积整体性缓慢抬升为主要形式,差异性构造活动较弱,但该区发生了多次中强地震,断裂在第四纪早、中期有活动可能与中强地震的发生有关。文中在收集、分析研究区及附近地区前人工作成果的基础上,对常德-益阳-长沙断裂东南段、湘潭-邵东断裂东北段和永州-衡阳断裂开展了地质学、地貌学的野外考察,综合分析了这些断裂第四纪早、中更新世以来的活动性。采用"地震重复"和"构造类比"2条基本原则,依据特定地段的地质、地震和地球物理场等资料,认为这些断裂带不但具有中更新世活动形迹,而且沿带存在中强地震的潜在危险。综合社会和经济发展的需求等因素,将湘潭—湘乡、邵东、衡山—衡阳、永州等地带划分为新的潜在震源区