Rain rate measurements over global oceans from IRS-P4 MSMR

In this paper rain estimation capability of MSMR is explored. MSMR brightness temperature data of six channels corresponding to three frequencies of 10, 18 and 21 GHz are colocated with the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) derived rain rates to find a new empirical algorithm for rain rate by multiple regression. Multiple correlation analysis involving various combinations of channels in linear and non-linear forms and rain rate from TMI is carried out, and thus the best possible algorithm for rain rate measurement was identified which involved V and H polarized brightness temperature measurements at 10 and 18 GHz channels. This algorithm explained about 82 per cent correlation (r) with rain rate, and 1.61 mm h^-1 of error of estimation. Further, this algorithm is used for generating global average rain rate map for two contrasting months of August (2000) and January (2001) of northern and southern hemispheric summers, respectively. MSMR derived monthly averaged rain rates are compared with similar estimates from TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR), and it was found that MSMR derived rain rates match well, quantitatively and qualitatively, with that from PR.     

利用TMI反演的水汽凝结物对热带气旋潜热结构分布的探索研究

本文利用热带测雨卫星TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission）微波成像仪TMI（TRMM Microwave Imager）2A12 水汽凝结物（Hydrometeor）反演资料,对西北太平洋地区从1998～2009 年的236 个热带气旋个例的1776 个“快照”（snapshot）的水汽凝结物的结构特征进行了分析,并探讨了水汽凝结物的时空变化与热带气旋强度演变联系。研究结果表明:（1）TMI 2A12 水汽凝结物资料显示出了热带气旋内部的细致结构及变化特征,水汽凝结物的峰值集中于数十公里到一百多公里的热带气旋眼壁及云墙区;在热带气旋发展过程中,随着热带气旋强度的增强,水汽凝结物增多且往其中心靠拢,从发展阶段到成熟阶段,水汽凝结物的大值中心基本上集中在距离热带气旋中心约50 km 区域,而且强度越强的热带气旋,水汽凝结物的大值中心与热带气旋中心的距离越近;在热带气旋消亡的过程中,水汽凝结物不断减弱且往外围扩散,逐渐扩展到远离中心的区域;（2）热带气旋强度与水汽凝结物的分布关系密切,热带气旋强度变化与热带气旋中心附近200 km 范围内的水汽凝结物含量存在显著的正相关,而200 km 以外的外围水汽凝结物含量存在负相关;（3）热带气旋强度变化与水汽凝结物的变化存在时间差,水汽凝结物的变化超前于热带气旋强度的变化,在热带气旋迅速发展之前数小时,热带气旋中心0～50 km 环状区域的水汽凝结物含量就已经提前增加了,在热带气旋减弱前数小时到十数小时,即使热带气旋还处于它强度的鼎盛时期,其中心0～50 km 环状区域的水汽凝结物含量就已经提前显著减少了,这种水汽凝结物的变化超前于热带气旋强度的变化的现象,可能是热带气旋强度预报的潜在线索。     

基于TMI产品资料对数值模式水凝物模拟能力的检验分析

本文利用热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)搭载微波成像仪(TRMM Microwave Imager,TMI)的探测及反演结果,结合微波辐射传输模式,就2004年17号台风暹芭(Chaba)过程,对AREM(Advanced Regional Eta-coo...     

An examination of summer precipitation over Asia based on TRMM/TMI

A 6-year dataset of summer monthly mean precipitation derived from Tropical Precipitation Measure-ment Mission (TRMM)-Microwave Imager (TMI) was used to delineate the spatial distribution patterns of precipitation throughout Asian areas, which indicates that there are three rainfall centers located at the northern coast of the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea and the western equatorial Pacific Warm Pool, respectively. Based upon the analysis of horizontal distribution, the capability of TMI for characterizing terrestrial and maritime precipitation has been evaluated and compared with Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) dataset. It was found that TMI and GPCP are well consistent with each other, while a few significant differences occur at several regions over land. By investigating rainfall esti-mates over six specific locations in Asia, a systematic underestimation of TMI was demonstrated, which could be explained by the inherent deficiency within TMI terrestrial algorithm relying on scat-tering signal from ice particles in a precipitation system. A further analysis shows that the highly in-homogeneous distribution of rain gauges employed by GPCP contributes a great deal to the significant discrepancy between GPCP and TMI, especially over regions surrounding the Tibetan Plateau where rain gauges are quite scarce.     

Evaluation of WRF Model Hydrometeors Based on TMI Observations Using an Indirect Method

Using a microwave radiative transfer(MWRT) model with microwave brightness temperatures(TBs) observed from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Microwave Imager(TMI),an indirect approach evaluated hydrometeors generated from the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model in the process of CHABA typhoon in August 2004.This study compares the simulated TBs generated from the microwave radioactive transfer model connected to the WRF model with the observed TBs derived from TMI and analyzes the differences between these TBs.The results indicate that the WRF model underestimates the amount and area of liquid and ice hydrometeors inside the typhoon center.The results also indicate relatively better agreement between the simulated and the observed TBs in the vertical polarization than in the horizontal polarization.     

用GPROF算法反演降水强度和水凝物垂直结构

对NASA应用于TMI的业务降水反演算法(GPROF算法)作了简单分析，并对采用该算法反演的2002年夏季我国湖南常德地区的暴雨结构和2001年7月上旬袭击中国香港地区的尤特台风结构进行了分析。对常德暴雨个例，用地面雷达数据作为实况资料进行了真实性检验。检验结果表明:该算法的整体反演效果较好，可较好地反演常德地区的地面雨强及降水结构，雨区的反演精度与降水性质有关。对尤特台风个例，将反演结果与测雨雷达的反演产品进行了定性比较，结果表明:二者反映的降水结构基本一致；GPROF算法反演的潜热垂直结构也较好地反映了台风的热力结构。最后对算法可能的改进方向进行了讨论。     

热带测雨卫星TMI探测结果对非降水云液态水路径的反演方案研究

根据TRMMTMI的探测特点,结合微波辐射传输模式,研究了针对副热带地区非降水云液态水路径的TMI反演方案,并对反演方案进行了间接检验。首先,利用微波辐射传输模式进行模拟研究,分析了在副热带地区,相应TMI各通道的微波亮温对非降水云液态水路径的响应特点,结果表明37.0GHz和85.5GHz的水平极化通道探测结果对非降水云液态水路径的响应更为敏感;随后,利用模式分析了TMI各单一通道反演的非降水云液态水路径与理论值的差异,并在此基础上给出了利用37.0GHz和85.5GHz的水平极化通道亮温联合反演非降水云液态水路径的方案;最后,利用TMI的探测结果,采用该反演方案对无云区、非降水云区以及台风降水云区进行了反演计算。结果表明,无云区的液态水路径在-1—1g/m2之间,且平均值为10-5量级;非降水云的液态水路径变化范围在0—500g/m2之间,且其水平分布与TRMM的可见光通道0.64μm探测的云分布一致;在台风降水云个例中,随着台风的成熟,高液态水路径的面积比初始阶段增多,且当地表降水率小于5mm/h时,云中液态水路径随地表降水率的增大而逐渐增大。     

Validation of AVHRR and TMI-derived sea surface temperature in the northern South China Sea

Satellite-derived SSTs are validated in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) using in situ SSTs from the drifting buoys and well-calibrated sensors installed on Research/Vessel(R/V) Shiyan 3. The satellite SSTs are Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) daytime SST, AVHRR nighttime SST, Tropical rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI) daytime SST and TMI nighttime SST. Availability of satellite SST, which is the ratio that the number of available satellite SST to the total ocean pixels in NSCS is calculated; annual average SST availabilities of AVHRR daytime SST, AVHRR nighttime SST, TMI daytime SST and TMI nighttime SST are 68.42%, 69.99%, 56.57% and 52.80%, respectively. Though the TMI SST availability is nearly constant throughout the year, the variations of the AVHRR SST availability are much larger because of seasonal variations of cloud cover in NSCS. Validation of the satellite-derived SSTs shows that bias±standard deviation (STD) of AVHRR SST is −0.43±0.76 and −0.33±0.79 °C for daytime and nighttime, respectively, and bias±STD of TMI SSTs is 0.07±1.11 and 0.00±0.97 °C for daytime and nighttime, respectively. It is clear that AVHRR SSTs have significant regional biases of about −0.4 °C against the drifting buoy SSTs. Differences between satellite-derived−in situ SSTs are investigated in terms of the diurnal SST cycle. When satellite-derived wind speeds decrease down below 6 m/s, the satellite SSTs become higher than the corresponding in situ SSTs, which means that the SST difference (satellite SST−Buoy SST) is positive. This wind-speed dependence of the SST difference is consistent with the previous results, which have mentioned that low wind speed coupled with clear sky conditions (high surface solar radiation) enhance the diurnal SST amplitude and the bulk-skin temperature difference.     

TRMM/TMI资料在热带气旋强度估计中的应用研究

利用2007—2009年热带降雨测量卫星（TRMM）的微波成像仪（TMI）观测到的亮温资料,计算9个通道（10、19、37、85 GHz的水平和垂直极化通道及21 GHz的垂直极化通道）的亮温和极化修正温度（PCT）在不同范围内的最大值、最小值、平均值和区域阈值与热带气旋强度之间的关系。结果表明：亮温信息可较好地反映热带气旋的强度,单个参数与热带气旋最大风速的相关性最好可达到0.83,线性拟合的均方根误差接近业务误差;低频通道的亮温相对于高频通道可更好地估计海上热带气旋强度;位于台风中心0.5°～1.5°度范围之间的亮温与气旋强度的相关性较好,圆形区域的相关性好于圆环区域;对于位于海上的热带气旋,区域亮温的最小值与热带气旋强度的关系最好;低频通道（除10 GHz外）,阈值位于260～280 K区间的亮温与热带气旋强度的相关性较好。     

ESTIMATION OF CLOUD LIQUID WATER OVER THE HUBEX AREA USING THE TRMM MICROWAVE IMAGER

The ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TRMM/TMI)forcloud liquid water(CLW)retrieval has been demonstrated in this study.Due to the greatsensitivity of the TMI 85.5 GHz channels to CLW,the liquid water path(LWP)ofnonprecipitating clouds over land can be successfully estimated using the VDISORT model basedon the iteration steps.Both the vertical-polarized 85. 5 GHz single-channel method and thepolarization-difference of 85.5 GHz method were applied to the LWP estimates over land regionsduring the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment(HUBEX)in China.Theretrieval results show reasonable agreement with the ground-based microwave radiometermeasurements.When the surface emissivity or skin temperature is difficult to be made sure,thepolarization-difference method shows advantages of providing estimates of LWP especially for lowclouds because of its extremely insensitiveness to the surface skin temperature.