Embedding a Geographic Information System in a Decision Support System for Landslide Hazard Monitoring

In this paper we present an application that exploitsa geographic information system as a front-end of acomplex information system supporting the managementof landslide hazard in Valtellina, an alpine valley inNorthern Italy.A decision support system (EYDENET, operational sinceOctober 1996), incorporating a geographic informationsystem and a data interpreter based on artificialintelligence techniques, processes the readings of the250 most significant instruments of a monitoring netof about 1000 sensors installed on differentlandslides in several alpine valleys.Data gathered by extensometers, clinometers andpluviometers, to check both movements of rocks andclimatic conditions which could affect them, areprocessed by EYDENET, that provides on-lineinterpretation of data, helps the users analyse them,and generates natural language explanations and alarmmessages for the people responsible for theenvironmental management and the civil protection.     

陆相盆地层序及体系域模式：以松辽盆地西部斜坡为例

在全面了解陆相怪序地层学研究现状的基础上,认为陆相层序及体系域发育仍受湖平面相对变化控制,构造,气候及沉积物供给的控制作用是最终通过湖平面变化表现出来。而湖平面的变化可分为完整旋回与不完整旋回两种情况,进而提出了所形成的层序及体系域模式;在完整旋回中形成了湖泊充填,湖泊扩张,湖泛和湖泊萎缩４个体系域,对应层序为Ｉ型层序;在不完整旋回中形成了湖泊充填,湖泊扩张,湖泛３个体系域,或者湖泊扩张,湖泛,湖     

河北南部地区石炭-二叠纪层序地层与聚煤特征

根据大量野外剖面及钻孔资料,将河北南部地l区晚石炭世至早二叠世地层划分为4个含煤层序。层序1为第一个关键成煤层序,代表了海陆交替型含煤岩系形成期间的第一次大规模海水进退序列,含有全区可追踪对比的煤层．但聚煤作用较弱;层序2为第二个关键成煤层序,由于盆地的构造转换引起海侵方向的改变,该层序煤层为海侵事件成煤,形成了全区稳定发育的大青煤（8^#）;层序3为华北板块发生“翘翘板”运动后的稳定沉积层序,高水位体系域形成的煤层稳定性好（6^#、7^#）：层序4为陆表海盆地向陆相盆地过渡形成的含煤层序,该层序高位体系域含煤性好．煤层厚,全区可对比。     

Acceptable sustainability in the fishing fleet

This article discusses the performance of the Norwegian fishing fleet within an acceptable level of sustainability. Previously, the cod-fishing fleet has been evaluated at the attributes—accident risk, employment, profitability, quality of the fish meat, catch capacity, greenhouse gas emissions/acidification, and bycatch/selection. The assessments focused on the first four steps of the systems engineering process, i.e., from needs identification to trade-offs of system alternatives. The objective of this paper is to focus on the last steps of the process; design, solve, verify, and test, to improve the decision-basis for fisheries management in order to increase sustainability in the fishing fleet. More specifically, this means to analyze the decision-making situation and develop acceptance criteria of a sustainable Norwegian cod-fishing fleet to enable fisheries management to monitor the sustainability performance of the fleet on a regular basis.     

多源地学信息系统数据字典设计与实现

随着GIS应用的深入和广泛 ,空间数据元数据的重要性愈加明显和突出。在探讨空间数据元数据的概念、内容、功能和作用的基础上 ,针对多源地学信息系统元数据的组织和管理———数据字典的设计及其实现技术和方法进行了研究。研究结果表明 ,以数据库管理系统建立的空间数据元数据的数据字典不仅在多源地学信息系统设计、建设和应用阶段具有指导意义 ,而且对用户在使用空间数据的过程中提供查询和说明空间数据的质量和可靠性方面具有实际应用价值。     

A Review of Mineral Resources and GIS Applications in Mineral Resource Assessment in Northeast China

Northeast China is one of the regions in China that possesses a great abundance of mineral resources.Coal, petroleum, natural gas, gold, iron, magnesite, graphite, talc, molding sand, glass sand and some others account for large portion in reserves and yields of that in the whole country. The region faced also shortages of copper, molybdenum, oil shale, zirconium, tantalum, rare earth, and beryllium, although they have large reserves,but limited by economical and technical factors. Geological mapping and mineral exploration activities have been intensive. Only the north part of Daxinanling Mountains in the region leaves unexplored. GIS applications in mineral resource assessment in the region start not long. Databases for GIS applications are on the way of construction.Well - trained technical staff and expertise do not meet the demand.This article reviews the situation of mineral resources and GIS applications for mineral resource assessment in the region. Suggestions on multi - lateral cooperation and GIS training are also made.     

空间负载平衡探讨

设计、应用合理的空间负载平衡算法是当前分布式地理信息系统研究的一个重要方向。该文介绍了空间负载平衡的基本概念,给出了空间负载平衡的基本算法和改进算法及其空间应用研究现状。对于各种算法进行对比讨论,分析其优劣,指出存在的问题和未来研究的方向。     

微机GIS系统软件设计的原理与方法

本文介绍了北京大学遥感技术应用研究所(国家遥感中心技术培训部)于1988年4月推出的地理信息系统通用软件PURSIS的设计原理与方法。由于它是在IBMPC/XT,AT及系列兼容机上研制的,因此便于推广使用。为了克服微机在速度和容量上的种种限制,PURSIS系统采用了一些较复杂的技术手段,使得与其它系统相比,具有如下明显特点:(1)利用软件技术,为图形的输入和编辑创立了一个良好的交互式工作环境,使用户能方便地输入和修改各种地图。(2)采用压缩编码技术存贮图形和图像数据,从而大大减轻了微机系统的空间负担。(3)设计了高效率的数据格式转换算法,使矢量数据能快速转换为网格数据。(4)设计了COLOR 136软件,将廉价的COLOR-400卡支持的16种颜色扩充为136种颜色,成功地解决了专题图件的显示问题。(5)解决了图形数据和属性数据的联合操作问题,使用户能在图的逻辑概念上进行多种操作。此外,数字地形模型和其它数据在操作时的联系甚为紧密。(6)提供了一些常用的应用工具,如专家权重、叠加分类、专家命题等模型。使用户在这些模型支持下解决一些各自的专业问题。(7)解决了FORTRAN语言、编译DBASE Ⅲ和8086宏汇编语言之间的相互调用问题,使系统设计灵活多变,并能充分利用微机的系统功能。     

Analysis of the geographical accessibility of neurosurgical emergency hospitals in Sapporo city using GIS and AHP

To improve the geographical accessibility of neurosurgical emergency hospitals for elderly people, we developed several alternative site plans for a new neurosurgical emergency hospital in Sapporo, Japan. Hospitals, population data, routes, and the numerical information for the Analytic Hierarchy Process computations were input into a Geographical Information System. Pairwise comparison revealed the following weights which were assigned to each of the four criteria: 0.674 for availability of hospital beds; 0.169 for the maximum road distance of the shortest routes; 0.101 for the elderly population within a 3‐km radius; and 0.056 for the median road distance of the shortest routes. The alternative proposed could cover 4000 more elderly people in the 3‐km radius of the hospitals. The integration of Geographical Information Systems and the Analytic Hierarchy Process constitutes a powerful tool for analysing traffic conditions in mid‐sized cities and for suggesting city planning to improve prognosis of stroke.     

A theoretical framework for a ‘spatially conscious’ economic analysis of environmental issues

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the integration of economic aspects and environmental aspects into the decision-making process for sustainable development strategies. The aim is integrate Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and environmental valuation methods in the structure of a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in order to better evaluate spatial concerns. The conceptual approach is augmented by a modest case study of a marina development in Santa Rosaliita on the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. This marina project is part of the proposed ‘Escalera Nautica’ an ambitious regional development scheme, which has caused controversy concerning its social, economic and environmental implications. The paper outlines the necessity to develop spatially conscious methodologies for a policy relevant research regarding sustainable regional development. Additionally, the paper contributes a spatial analytic perspective based on normative economic principles to the recent discussion on environmental economic geography.