渭河盆地的地质构造与构造地貌类型

渭河盆地位于祁吕系、秦岭纬向构造体系,华夏系、陇西旋卷构造四大构造体系交汇地带,这种地质构造背景是形成盆地构造地貌的基础。按照构造-成因分类原则,对本区构造地貌划分为两级8个类型,又按新构造运动特点划分出相应的亚类。这些地貌类型分布具有东西延伸成带,南北对应,垂向成层具阶梯状的空间配置特点。渭河盆地在四大构造体系制约下,共地堑构造是决定地貌空间配置的主要原因。     

Overview of the EUROSAM project and a Decision Support System

The EUROpean SAlt marshes Modelling (EUROSAM) project is part of the Thematic Network European Land–Ocean Interaction Studies programme. The main aims of the EUROSAM project were to fill in some of the main gaps in the understanding of ecological processes, to integrate this knowledge into models to predict the likely response of salt marsh ecosystems to environmental changes, and to make the knowledge available to decision-makers. Research work and model development for the project were carried out by researchers in France, Portugal, the Netherlands, and England, and included studies on sediment dynamics and interactions with vegetation, plant population dynamics and genetics, models of organic matter production and cycling, studies of animal communities, food webs and organic matter fluxes, and development of hydrodynamic models at different scales: salt marsh, bay, and estuary.This paper describes the main aims and outputs of the EUROSAM project, and the incorporation of the findings and models into a prototype Decision Support System (DSS). The EUROSAM DSS is designed as a guide for the non-specialist to understand the important role and functioning of salt marshes, and for use as a management tool. Example scenarios were selected from the work within the project to illustrate the interactions between components of the salt marsh–mudflat ecosystem, and the potential impact of human activities and environmental change on the salt marsh system.     

潜江盐湖盆地层序地层特征

盐湖沉积不仅是一种重要化工矿产沉积建造 ,还是一种重要的含油气沉积组合 ,其中常常蕴藏有十分丰富的油气资源。但是 ,此类盆地的层序地层学研究起步较晚 ,尤其是对于陆相盐湖盆地更是如此 ,其关键在于国内外的专家学者对盐湖层序的划分与特征了解较少 ,层序地层划分标准不统一。在充分吸收和消化前人研究成果的基础上 ,从当今的盐湖形成理论出发 ,以潜江古盐湖为研究对象 ,讨论了盐湖盆地沉积的层序地层划分标准 ,及层序地层单元基本特征。认为从层序地层的基本控制因素———可容纳空间 (Accommo dationSpace)出发 ,可将盐岩沉积作为盆地水体浓缩的产物———水面下降阶段的沉积代表 ,从而建立起盐湖的层序地层划分标准。     

中纬度中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展

中尺度对流系统（MCSs)与许多严重的气象灾害，特别是我国的暴雨洪涝密切相关。本文主要对中纬度中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展作了简要综述，其中包括：MCSs的时空分布；MCCs的平均生成环境；MCSs的组织模型和逆尺度演变；发展中的MCSs与其环境的相互作用；MCSs的动力学和不稳定度；MCSs的数值模拟；MβCS和MγCS的观测和模拟；MCSs的概念模型；MCSs的结构和机制研究的观测计划。我们希望通过本文有助于进一步了解有关中纬度MCSs的发生、发展、结构、机制以及概念模型等研究的若干进展。     

Web-enabled spatial decision analysis using Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA)

 This paper presents a spatial decision support tool that implements the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) method. OWA is a family of multicriteria evaluation operators characterised by two sets of weights: criterion importance weights and order weights. We propose a highly interactive way of choosing, modifying, and fine-tuning the decision strategy defined by the order weights. This exploratory approach to OWA is supported by a graphical representation of the operator's behaviour in terms of decision risk and tradeoff/dispersion between criteria. Our prototype implementation is based on the CommonGIS software, and thus, Web-enabled and working with vector data. We successfully demonstrate online, exploratory support of spatial decision strategies using a data set of skiing resorts in Wallis, Switzerland. Received: 24 September 2002 / Accepted: 10 January 2003     

Foredeep submarine fans and forebulge deltas: orogenic off-loading in the underfilled Karoo Basin

Third-order sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Early Permian marine to continental facies of the Karoo Basin provides a case study for the sedimentation patterns which may develop in an underfilled foreland system that is controlled by a combination of supra- and sublithospheric loads. The tectonic regime during the accumulation of the studied section was dominated by the flexural rebound of the foreland system in response to orogenic quiescence in the Cape Fold Belt, which resulted in foredeep uplift and forebulge subsidence. Coupled with flexural tectonics, additional accommodation was created by dynamic loading related to the process of subduction underneath the basin. The long-wavelength dynamic loading led to the subsidence of the peripheral bulge below base level, which allowed for sediment accumulation across the entire foreland system.A succession of five basinwide regressive systems tracts accumulated during the Artinskian (5 My), consisting of foredeep submarine fans and correlative forebulge deltas. The progradation of submarine fans and deltaic systems was controlled by coeval forced and normal regressions of the proximal and distal shorelines of the Ecca interior seaway respectively. The deposition of each regressive systems tract was terminated by basinwide transgressive episodes, that may be related to periodic increases in the rates of long-wavelength dynamic subsidence.     

Investigating the Spatiotemporal Links Between Disorder,Crime, and the Fear of Crime

While links between social and physical disorder, crime, and the fear of crime have long been areas of research interest, few studies have looked at these links from a spatiotemporal viewpoint. This is somewhat surprising, as many of the factors associated with disorder, crime, and fear are known to vary over time and space. This paper uses GISystems to investigate potential spatiotemporal links between these areas in Wollongong, New South Wales, with specific focus on links between graffiti and the fear of crime. The results reveal that the distribution of fear of crime varies considerably over time and is often spatially coincident with concentrations of disorder. Graffiti was found to be one of the most prevalent types of physical disorder. The results are discussed in the context of the “broken windows” thesis and strategic intervention at the community level.     

苏红图-银根盆地下白垩统层序地层学研究

本文根据沉积、古生物及地震资料对苏红图-银根盆地下白垩统的层序地层学特征进行了研究。把下白垩统划分为１个三级层序和低水位体系域、湖侵体系域、高水位体系域。根据准层序的叠置方式，准层序组有进积型、退积型和加积型，本区下白垩统可以划分９个准层序组，以退积型准层序组最为发育。苏红图-银根盆地早白垩世早期沉积格局曾发生过显著变化，从早到晚先后发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、浅湖和深湖相沉积，并在深湖相暗色页岩中夹有浊流和泥石流沉积，为退积型湖进层序。早白垩世晚期则由滨浅湖相演化为滨湖沼泽和河流相沉积，为进积型湖退层序。本区的湖侵体系域浅湖-深湖相暗色泥、页岩厚度大，有机质丰度高，类型好，是重要的烃源岩。低水位体系域的扇三角洲层序以加积型为特征，即下部为扇三角洲平原，中部为扇三角洲前缘，上部为前扇三角洲。反映了该区处于活动盆地边缘，湖水由浅变深，扇三角洲相应后退，沉降速率大于沉积速率。其中扇三角洲前缘砂体的储集作用不可低估。高水位体系域的滨浅湖滩砂也是重要的油气储集体。而湖侵体系域的深湖相泥、页岩和高水位体系域的滨湖沼泽相泥岩均可作为区域盖层。它们在垂向上构成了有利的生储盖组合。     

Bank branch closures in New Zealand: the application of a spatial interaction model

Banking is going through a revolution that is radically altering the way banks work and the way customers use them. It is a revolution driven by global competition and enabled by technology. Unlike the back-room developments of previous decades, contemporary restructuring is directly affecting the network of bank branches and opportunities customers have to interact with them. Today virtually all retailing banks are seeking ways of reducing their extensive and costly network of branches and experimenting with alternative means of interacting with customers. Many of the difficulties of deciding what branches to close relate to predicting the impact of such closures on remaining parts of the bank’s network. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the application of a GIS-based spatial interaction model designed to help banks make that decision. Applied in the New Zealand context, it draws attention to some of the opportunities, as well as difficulties, a spatial interaction model creates in assessing the consequences of closing branches, both for the bank itself and for the wider community.