巴音戈壁盆地塔木素铀矿床含矿砂岩成岩作用类型、演化序列及其对铀成矿的约束

勘查和研究发现部分砂岩型铀矿床中不仅有表生氧化流体作用还存在深部流体的参与,这类砂岩型铀矿床蚀变类型多样且成因复杂.塔木素砂岩型铀矿表生流体和深部流体活动都很明显,砂岩普遍固结且后生蚀变类型独特,因此,恢复成岩成矿事件及其演化过程,对揭示铀沉淀富集机理至关重要.本文通过镜下鉴定、电子探针、扫描电镜分析等,系统研究了塔木素矿床含矿砂岩成岩作用特征与后生蚀变矿物生成序列,重塑了成岩成矿事件的演化过程.研究结果显示,塔木素矿床砂岩中压实作用较弱而胶结作用很强,重结晶作用普遍,是造成目的层致密的主要原因,赤铁矿、褐铁矿化、碳酸盐化、石膏化是该地区主要的胶结类型.将该地区的成岩演化划分为沉积-早成岩阶段、早期氧化流体作用阶段、热流体改造阶段和晚期氧化流体弱改造阶段.成岩环境由弱碱性向酸性环境转变的过程中的氧化还原过渡部位是造成铀沉淀的关键,大规模的氧化作用是矿床形成的基础,后期热流体活动对早期形成的低品位铀矿石进行叠加改造,是成矿的关键环节.     

Sensitivity assessment of strontium isotope as indicator of polluted groundwater for hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids produced in the Dameigou Shale of Qaidam Basin

Hydrogeochemical processes that would occur in polluted groundwater and aquifer system, may reduce the sensitivity of Sr isotope being the indicator of hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids(HFFF) in groundwater. In this paper, the Dameigou shale gas field in the northern Qaidam Basin was taken as the study area, where the hydrogeochemical processes affecting Sr isotope was analysed. Then, the model for Sr isotope in HFFF-polluted groundwater was constructed to assess the sensitivity of Sr isotope as HFFF indicator. The results show that the dissolution can release little Sr to polluted groundwater and cannot affect the εSr(the deviation of the 87 Sr/86 Sr ratio) of polluted groundwater. In the meantime, cation exchange can considerably affect Sr composition in the polluted groundwater. The Sr with low εSr is constantly released to groundwater from the solid phase of aquifer media by cation exchange with pollution of Quaternary groundwater by the HFFF and it accounts for 4.6% and 11.0% of Sr in polluted groundwater when the HFFF flux reaches 10% and 30% of the polluted groundwater, respectively. However, the Sr from cation exchange has limited impact on Sr isotope in polluted groundwater. Addition of Sr from cation exchange would only cause a 0.2% and 1.2% decrease in εSr of the polluted groundwater when the HFFF flux reaches 10% and 30% of the polluted groundwater, respectively. These results demonstrate that hydrogeochemical processes have little effect on the sensitivity of Sr isotope being the HFFF indicator in groundwater of the study area. For the scenario of groundwater pollution by HFFF, when the HFFF accounts for 5%(in volume percentage) of the polluted groundwater, the HFFF can result in detectable shifts of εSr(ΔεSr=0.86) in natural groundwater. Therefore, after consideration of hydrogeochemical processes occurred in aquifer with input of the HFFF, Sr isotope is still a sensitive indicator of the Quaternary groundwater pollution by the HFFF produced in the Dameigou shale of Qaidam Basin.     

盆地形成及成矿与地幔流体间的成因联系

文中共讨论以下5个问题:(1)盆地起源于幔壳溃变和膨隆,后者是地幔流体(超临界态(>375℃)HACONS流体,简称幔汁)上涌、渗入、交代、富化、致熔的产物。地幔流体造成油气盆地深部的高热流、异常超高压、伊利水云母化、硅化和地层有机碳的加氢成油作用。(2)盆地成矿可分两大阶段,先是沉积时的同生成矿;地层沉积后还有众多的后生成矿。两者组成“盆地矿套”(杜乐天,2002)。成矿无论同生还是后生,其分布均受断裂控制,都和地幔流体活动有关。(3)黑色页岩的实质是碳-硅-泥三元岩系,和热液成矿中的碳酸盐-硅质-泥质蚀变三元完全相当。此类岩系中总是有几十种亲壳亲幔亲气元素的特殊富集。奇异的是,石油、油页岩、沥青及砂岩型铀矿彼此有完全类似的继承性元素特殊富集。此等元素群不可能都是来自盆地之外蚀源区岩体的风化。研究证明,相当多的元素是地幔流体携带上来的。(4)盆地地层中广泛发育由地幔流体衍生的热液作用。(5)盆地实质上是气盆,全盆地排气。许多气田是地幔流体排气形成的。沙漠(原地型)和天然气田的共生很值得注意,两者皆源于地球强烈排气,导致地下和大气增温,过度蒸发,不易降雨,长期干旱而形成沙漠。     

Reduced Hamiltonian formalism for general-relativistic adiabatic fluids and applications

For the dynamics of general-relativistic adiabatic fluids a reduced Hamiltonian formalism is presented. For slowly moving fluids an approximation scheme is defined. The first steps of the scheme are worked out explicitly. Radiation damping and emission, and backscattering are discussed. The usefulness of the formalism for numerical relativity is pointed out.     

上地幔超高压流体的金刚石压砧实验研究

地球深部流体主要是NaCl-H2O溶液,越到地球深部,它赋存的温度、压力越高,性质状态也不断变化,反之,亦然。当NaCl-H2O流体进入和脱离(上升过程)超临界状态时,其性质会发生截然不同的变化,影响着各种地质过程。使用金刚石压砧在高温高压下原位观测流体的实验,用谱学方法,结合同步辐射光源技术,成为定量化研究地球深部高温超高压流体的有效方法。作者使用同步辐射光源的红外谱研究了10GPa下的NaCl-H2O溶液;在地球化学动力学实验室研究了3GPa,650℃下的NaCl-H2O溶液红外谱,此测量方法可以提供温度压力和体积等数据,能研究其状态。NaCl-H2O溶液红外谱表明水分子主要振动谱受压力和温度影响是不同的。压力增加促使水分子主要振动谱向低波数变化。但是温度增加的效应相反。常温高压下水被压缩,结晶向紧密堆积变化。高温高压下的水有气、液、固和超临界流体各相。水分子间的氢键在近临界态开始减弱,氢键网络被破坏。     

实验研究岩石圈深部流体及相关科学问题

实验研究地球岩石圈深部流体和对地球深部流体的观测发现,水溶液在跨越临界态时有许多特殊性质。使用水热金刚石压钻在200～800MPa,300～700℃条件下,可观测到：NaCl-H2O溶液两相不混溶相区的结构和近临界态现象。测量高温高压下NaCl溶液的电导率,在近临界和跨越临界态时发现最大电导率值。在对大洋中脊热水观测中可发现大多数喷口是在2200m深。喷口正在近临界态条件下喷出含矿流体。这些临界态研究对于重新分析岩石圈的地球物理测量结果和对认识大陆岩石圈内流体性质有很大意义。     

极性分子型电流变液导电机理研究

极性分子型电流变液是一种新型的电流变材料.其介电颗粒上吸附极性分子,极性分子在颗粒间强局域电场作用下发生取向是产生巨电流变效应的关键.通过对Ca—Ti—O(CTO)体系极性分子型电流变液电流密度的测量发现,其导电行为遵从Poole-Frenkel效应的规律,这是极性分子型电流变液的重要特征之一.而500 ℃处理过的CTO粉体不含极性分子,所配制的电流变液无巨电流变效应,其电流密度随外电场强度近似地呈线性关系,显示出传统电流变液特性.     

固体地球观向流体地球观的概念更新

长时间内人们把地球看成为一个固体星球,忽视流体在地球动力学中非常重要的作用.在本文中我们将列举一系列的资料来证明它.此流体由H\|A\|C\|O\|N\|S组成.H (氢, 卤素和热), A (碱金属, 例如 Na, K等.), C (碳), O (氧), N (氮), S (硫族).此流体从深部外地核H, H2流向上进入地幔演化为H\|HACONS, 向上到上地幔演化为A\|HACONS, 向上进入地壳后演化为O\|HACONS. 此流体可以使固体地幔,地壳发生弱化,变软,熔融和排气,结果造成地球动力学及大地构造运动和众多自然灾害.     

Water,restite and granite mineralisation

Dehydration (vapour absent) partial melting reactions in the Earth's crust produce a hydrous granitic melt phase, new anhydrous minerals that are mostly pyroxenes, and new plagioclase more calcic than the initial plagioclase. These solid phases of the melt reaction are restite. If the restite is carried to high levels in the crust as a component of the magma, cooling and crystallisation to granite will result in back reactions in which the H₂O in the melt phase is consumed and is not then available to form a hydrothermal solution. Even in magmas in which some restite has been removed there will be some back reaction and again less H₂O. Only fractional crystallisation will enrich the H₂O in the magma in sufficient amounts to form a substantial quantity of hydrothermal solution and possible mineralisation.