Kīlauea summit overflows: their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawai'i

 The tube-fed pāhoehoe lava flows covering much of the northeast flank of Kīlauea Volcano are named the 'Ailā'au flows. Their eruption age, based on published and six new radiocarbon dates, is approximately AD 1445. The flows have distinctive paleomagnetic directions with steep inclinations (40°–50°) and easterly declinations (0°–10°E). The lava was transported ∼40 km from the vent to the coast in long, large-diameter lava tubes; the longest tube (Kazumura Cave) reaches from near the summit to within several kilometers of the coast near Kaloli Point. The estimated volume of the 'Ailā'au flow field is 5.2±0.8 km³, and the eruption that formed it probably lasted for approximately 50 years. Summit overflows from Kīlauea may have been nearly continuous between approximately AD 1290 and 1470, during which time a series of shields formed at and around the summit. The 'Ailā'au shield was either the youngest or the next to youngest in this series of shields. Site-mean paleomagnetic directions for lava flows underlying the 'Ailā'au flows form only six groups. These older pāhoehoe flows range in age from 2750 to <18,000 BP, and the region was inundated by lava flows only three times in the past 5000 years. The known intervals between eruptive events average ∼1600 years and range from ∼1250 years to >2200 years. Lava flows from most of these summit eruptions also reached the coast, but none appears as extensive as the 'Ailā'au flow field. The chemistry of the melts erupted during each of these summit overflow events is remarkably similar, averaging approximately 6.3 wt.% MgO near the coast and 6.8 wt.% MgO near the summit. The present-day caldera probably formed more recently than the eruption that formed the 'Ailā'au flows (estimated termination ca. AD 1470). The earliest explosive eruptions that formed the Keanakāko'i Ash, which is stratigraphically above the 'Ailā'au flows, cannot be older than this age. Received: 10 October 1998 / Accepted: 12 May 1999     

提高763长周期地震仪的抗干扰能力

我台以《提高763地震仪的抗干扰能力》为课题,在基建完成后,对763仪器重新进行安装调试,对仪器的连续线及耦合系统进行了全面的改进处理。投入运行工作两年来,记录效果较好,仪器的抗干扰能力有了较大程度的提高。     

数字地震仪(或雷达)的文件格式及其转换方法

详细介绍了ＳＥＧ新规定的ＳＥＧ－２标准及其文件结构,这一标准不但适用于数字地震仪,而且也适用于地质雷达等数字化记录设备。同时给出了一个在ＩＢＭ－ＰＣ环境不读取ＳＥＧ－２数据文件的Ｃ语言示范程序,根据这个示范程序,用户可以很方便地将ＳＥＧ－２数据文件转换成适用于特定应用软件的数据格式。     

Velocity structure in the South Yellow Sea basin based on first-arrival tomography of wide-angle seismic data and its geological implications

The South Yellow Sea basin is filled with Mesozoic–Cenozoic continental sediments overlying pre-Palaeozoic and Mesozoic–Palaeozoic marine sediments. Conventional multi-channel seismic data cannot describe the velocity structure of the marine residual basin in detail, leading to the lack of a deeper understanding of the distribution and lithology owing to strong energy shielding on the top interface of marine sediments. In this study, we present seismic tomography data from ocean bottom seismogra...     

昆明地震台地面与井下地震观测背景噪声对比

对昆明地震台山洞内放置的宽频带地震仪BBVS-60及观测井内放置的GL-S60B深井宽频带地震仪所记录的资料,进行背景噪声对比分析,得到基岩地区地面及井下背景噪声干扰,为今后在云南地区推广井下观测提供参考依据。结果显示,在1—20 Hz频段内,井下台背景噪声RM_S值比地表台小,降噪效果UD向达30%以上,EW向达50%,NS向达60%。在100—30 s频带内噪声不降反升,原因有待进一步分析。     

COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENT FIELD OF THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE DERIVED FROM STRONG MOTION RECORDS AND APPLICATION IN SLIP INVERSION

The development of high-rate GNSS seismology and seismic observation methods has provided technical support for acquiring the near-field real-time displacement time series during earthquake. But in practice, the limited number of GNSS continuous stations hardly meets the requirement of near-field quasi-real-time coseismic displacement observation, while the macroseismographs could be an important complement. Compared with high-rate GNSS, macroseismograph has better sensitivity, higher resolution(100~200Hz)and larger dynamic range, and the most importantly, lower cost. However, baseline drift exists in strong-motion data, which limits its widespread use. This paper aims to prove the feasibility and reliability of strong motion data in acquiring seismic displacement sequences, as a supplement to high-rate GNSS. In this study, we have analyzed the strong-motion data of Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake in Longmenshan fault zone, based on the automatic scheme for empirical baseline correction proposed by Wang et al., which fits the uncorrected displacement by polynomial to obtain the fitting parameters, and then the baseline correction is completed in the velocity sequence. Through correction processing and quadratic integration, the static coseismic displacement field and displacement time series are obtained. Comparison of the displacement time series from the strong motions with the result of high-rate GPS shows a good coincidence. We have worked out the coseismic displacement field in the large area of Wenchuan earthquake using GPS data and strong motion data. The coseismic displacement fields calculated from GPS and strong motions are consistent with each other in terms of magnitude, direction and distribution patterns. High-precision coseismic deformation can provide better data constraint for fault slip inversion. To verify the influence of strong-motion data on slip distribution in Wenchuan earthquake, we used strong motion, GPS and InSAR data to estimate the stress drop, moment magnitude and coseismic slip model, and our results agreed with those of the previous studies. In addition, the inversion results of different data are different and complementary to some extent. The use of strong-motion data supplements the slip of the fault in the 180km segment and the 270~300km segment, thus making the inversion results of fault slip more comprehensive. From this result, we can draw the following conclusions:1)Based on the robust baseline correction method, the use of strong motion data, as an important complement to high-rate GNSS, can obtain reliable surface displacement after the earthquake. 2)The strong motion data provide an effective method to study the coseismic displacement sequence, the surface rupture process and quick seismogenic parameters acquisition. 3)The combination of multiple data can significantly improve the data coverage and give play to the advantages of different data. Therefore, it is suggested to combine multiple data(GPS, strong motion, InSAR, etc.)for joint inversion to improve the stability of fault slip model.     

海底地震仪远震记录接收函数反演——以南海西南次海盆为例

由于海底环境和海底地震仪(OBS)结构的特殊性,用OBS远震记录进行接收函数岩石圈反演研究因为存在一定的困难,所以还很少见.在深入分析问题的基础上,以国产I-4C型宽频带OBS在南海西南次海盆记录的天然地震为实例,我们将傅里叶变换和小波变换相结合以压制海底地震仪记录中的非平稳干扰,获得了信噪比较高、震相清晰的地震记录,进而成功开展了远震记录的岩石圈结构接收函数反演.主要结论是:(1)OBS接收函数的求取是可行的,关键是压制非平稳干扰.(2)西南次海盆的Moho面埋深为海底下10~12km(地壳厚6~8km),沉积物厚度为1~2km,浅部地壳存在低速区,与沉积物和海底扩张停止后的岩浆喷发产生的岩石碎屑和裂隙有关.(3)在扩张脊中央Moho面上方6~12km存在S波低速区,推测扩张中心可能存在下地壳熔融或岩浆房,在17~30km区间S波速度呈负梯度,我们认为扩张中心更深的地方存在热物质的供给.     

GPS授时地震仪走时误差校正

受制造成本和工艺的限制,GPS授时地震仪中的守时晶振不可避免地会有频率误差,继而在数据采集过程中,随着采集时间的增加,各台站之间会出现采集不同步现象。介绍了Akima分段多项式插值重采样方法及其在GPS授时地震仪时间校正中的应用。通过对理论数据与实际数据的Akima插值重采样试验表明,Akima插值重采样方法可应用于GPS授时地震仪走时误差校正,是一种简便、高效、保形性好的插值重采样方法。      

基于ARM技术的矿井自记式地震仪

介绍了基于ARM技术的自记式矿井地震波记录仪。仪器在设计上采用了A/D采集、ARM控制系统的硬件电路,实现了嵌入式Linux系统的移植,完成了地震波的数据采集功能。该仪器采用分布式采集、独立存储、集中回收的思想,实现了地震波信号的采集、存储及数据的集中回收,并给出了实验测试结果和应用实例。      

基于Linux字符设备的数字地震仪参数模型

地震仪器在长期稳定运行的过程中, 系统参数的有效管理发挥着重要的作用。 针对地震数据采集器EDAS-24IP参数管理模型的一些问题, 开发出了一种新型的基于Linux字符设备的数字地震仪参数模型, 该模型在稳定性、 易用性、 实时性等方面都比原有模型有了很大的提高, 不会出现由于参数文件丢失而导致系统无法重新启动的问题。