初论湘南地区中酸性花岗岩类与有色金属矿产的关系

湘南地区发育加里东、印支及燕山三期两类即转化型和混合型中酸性花岗岩，燕山期中-小型花岗岩类岩体为有色金属的重要成矿母岩，不同成因类型的花岗岩类具有不同的成矿专属性。依据花岗岩类的岩石化学分析结果，通过统计、对比和分析研究，认为本区成矿专属性与成矿岩体的氧原子饱和度有关，氧原子数与分子总数比大于1．98，表现为W，Sn及稀有金属；小于1．97多表现为Cu，Pb，Zn。同时，用热流体动力理论解释了本区矿体产出的偏向性。     

随钻热解地球化学录井含油饱和度的计算和应用

热解地化录井可以检测储集层含油气总量,推算原油密度值,结合储集层孔隙度值和储层岩石密度,经过换算可得出含油饱和度。热解地化录井含油饱和度是基于热解地化参数而获得,获取的机制是直接检测与合理的理论恢复相结合,能够客观的反映储层中所含油气的数量,评价储集层的性质,经试油结论验证,随钻评价结论与实际情况相符良好。     

基于叠前反演的储层预测技术在陕北黄土塬白云岩气藏的应用

近年来,陕北黄土塬地区下古生界奥陶系中组合马五5地层发现了一大批白云岩岩性气藏。但是由于黄土塬地表条件复杂,地震资料成像精度差,马五5储层分布面积广、厚度薄、非均质性强、横向变化快,地震预测难度非常大。文中针对近年在陕北苏203井区实施的600 km2三维高保真地震资料,在强化岩石物理分析和叠前反演的基础上,创新应用FFP(岩相流体概率)分析技术,结合完钻井拟合弹性参数函数关系式,计算得到工区马五5地层的白云岩概率体、含气概率体、孔隙度及含气饱和度,刻画了苏203井区马五5白云岩储层含气有利区的平面展布。评价、落实了钻探有利目标,取得了较好的效果。     

Sulfur biogeochemistry and isotopic fractionation in shallow groundwater and sediments of Owens Dry Lake, California

Groundwater and sediment samples (∼ 1 m depth) at sites representative of different groundwater pathways were collected to determine the aqueous speciation of sulfur and the fractionation of sulfur isotopes in aqueous and solid phases. In addition, selected sediment samples at 5 depths (from oxic to anoxic layers) were collected to investigate the processes controlling sulfur biogeochemistry in sedimentary layers. Pyrite was the dominant sulfur-bearing phase in the capillary fringe and groundwater zones where anoxic conditions are found. Low concentrations of pyrite (< 5.9 g kg^− 1) coupled with high concentrations of dissolved sulfide (4.81 to 134.7 mg L^− 1) and low concentrations of dissolved Fe (generally < 1 mg L^− 1) and reducible solid-phase Fe indicate that availability of reactive Fe limits pyrite formation. The relative uniformity of down-core isotopic trends for sulfur-bearing mineral phases in the sedimentary layers suggests that sulfate reduction does not result in significant sulfate depletion in the sediment. Sulfate availability in the deeper sediments may be enhanced by convective vertical mixing between upper and lower sedimentary layers due to evaporative concentration. The large isotope fractionation between dissolved sulfate and sedimentary sulfides at Owens Lake provides evidence for initial fractionation from bacterial sulfate reduction and additional fractionation generated by sulfide oxidation followed by disproportionation of intermediate oxidation state sulfur compounds. The high salinity in the Owens Lake brines may be a factor controlling sulfate reduction and disproportionation in hypersaline conditions and results in relatively constant values for isotope fractionation between dissolved sulfate and total reduced sulfur.     

用水化学方法确定岩溶富水区——以山西延河泉域为例

利用延河泉域含水层的水质分析资料,计算地下水中侵蚀性CO2的含量、矿物饱和指数（βi）与奥陶系灰岩（O2）顶面标高（H）的函数关系。通过作图与分析其关系曲线,对延河泉域含水层进行富水性分区,得到奥陶系顶面标高在350～600m间为强富水区．q=5．55～6．975L（s．m）;标高在750-600m及350-200m间为中强富水区;标高存700m以上和600m以下为弱富水区,该结论经过勘探和抽水试验得到了验证。     

Mobilization and attenuation of heavy metals within a nickel mine tailings impoundment near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

 The oxidation and the subsequent dissolution of sulfide minerals within the Copper Cliff tailings area have led to the release of heavy metals such as Fe, Ni, and Co to the tailings pore water. Dissolved concentrations in excess of 10 g/l Fe and 2.2 g/l Ni have been detected within the shallow pore water of the tailings, with increasing depth these concentrations decrease to or near analytical detection limits. Geochemical modelling of the pore-water chemistry suggests that pH-buffering reactions are occurring within the shallow oxidized zones, and that secondary phases are precipitating at or near the underlying hardpan and transition zones. Mineralogical study of the tailings confirmed the presence of goethite, jarosite, gypsum, native sulfur, and a vermiculite-type clay mineral. Goethite, jarosite, and native sulfur form alteration rims and pseudo-morphs of the sulfide minerals. Interstitial cements, composed of goethite, jarosite, and gypsum, locally bind the tailings particles, forming hardpan layers. Microprobe analyses of the goethite indicate that it contains up to 0.6 weight % Ni, suggesting that the goethite is a repository for Ni. Other sinks detected for heavy metals include jarosite and a vemiculite-type clay mineral which locally contains up to 1.6 weight % Ni. To estimate the mass and distribution of heavy metals associated with the secondary phases within the shallow tailings, a series of chemical extractions was completed. The experimental design permitted four fractions of the tailings to be evaluated independently. These four fractions consisted of a water-soluble, an acid-leachable, and a reducible fraction, as well as the whole-rock total. Twenty-five percent of the total mass of heavy metals was removed in the acid-leaching experiments, and 100% of the same components were removed in the reduction experiments. The data suggest that precipitation/coprecipitation reactions are providing an effective sink for most of the heavy metals released by sulfide mineral oxidation. In light of these results, potential decommissioning strategies should be evaluated with the recognition that changing the geochemical conditions may alter the stability of the secondary phases within the shallow tailings. Received: 9 April 1997 · Accepted: 21 July 1997     

Kinetic tests comparison and interpretation for prediction of the Joutel tailings acid generation potential

Five sulfide mine tailings coming from the Joutel mine tailing ponds (Quebec, Canada) were tested by the humidity cell test (30 to 52 cycles duration) and the column test (11 to 12 cycles duration). The objectives of this study were twofold. First, there was the determination of the tailings acid generation potential for site reclamation. Second, there was the kinetic test comparison for understanding the tailings geochemical behavior under different test conditions. The samples used had a wide diversity in terms of acid-generation potential, particle size distribution, and parameters influencing reaction rates. Leachates produced remained at a near neutral pH for the duration of the tests. Evolution of the main elements involved in the dissolution processes demonstrated neutralization by carbonates as a response to the acid generated by sulfide oxidation. Depletion rates given by sulfates are higher for the humidity cell tests when compared to those obtained for the column tests. This is consistent with most studies to date, the humidity cell test being considered as more severe. However, by taking the ratio between cumulative elements coming from neutralization and the ones coming from oxidation, similar curves (named herein oxidation –neutralization curves) for all tests were obtained. These results show that overall geochemical behavior of the tailings is similar at near neutral pH for both types of tests. With this interpretation method, the acid-generation potential of the Joutel tailings were tested and compared to the static test results to constrain their uncertainty zone with regard to the studied tailings. The tailings geochemical behavior (carbonate dissolution response to sulfide oxidation) at near neutral pH condition appears slightly dependent of test conditions under certain hypothesis.     

非饱和土的本构模型研究

引用平均土骨架应力的概念,研究推导出非饱和土的刚度参数随吸力变化而变化的关系式,进而推导得到用平均土骨架应力表述的非饱和土LC屈服面函数以及硬化规律。从土力学原理推导,得到土样由于在净应力和吸力作用下产生体积变形引起土样饱和度变化的关系式。由平均土骨架应力推广,得到三轴应力状态的椭圆屈服函数,这一非饱和土本构模型的优点在于考虑了应力作用后土样饱和度的变化,通过对已有试验数据的初步验证,表明提出的非饱和土本构模型的合理性和适用性。     

Predicting saturation‐excess runoff distribution with a lumped hillslope model: SWAT‐HS

Saturation‐excess runoff is the major runoff mechanism in humid well‐vegetated areas where infiltration rates often exceed rainfall intensity. Although the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of the most widely used models, it predicts runoff based mainly on soil and land use characteristics, and is implicitly an infiltration‐excess runoff type of model. Previous attempts to incorporate the saturation‐excess runoff mechanism in SWAT fell short due to the inability to distribute water from one hydrological response unit to another. This paper introduces a modified version of SWAT, referred to as SWAT‐Hillslope (SWAT‐HS). This modification improves the simulation of saturation‐excess runoff by redefining hydrological response units based on wetness classes and by introducing a surface aquifer with the ability to route interflow from “drier” to “wetter” wetness classes. Mathematically, the surface aquifer is a nonlinear reservoir that generates rapid subsurface stormflow as the water table in the surface aquifer rises. The SWAT‐HS model was tested in the Town Brook watershed in the upper reaches of the West Branch Delaware River in the Catskill region of New York, USA. SWAT‐HS predicted discharge well with a Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.68 and 0.87 for daily and monthly time steps. Compared to the original SWAT model, SWAT‐HS predicted less surface runoff and groundwater flow and more lateral flow. The saturated areas predicted by SWAT‐HS were concentrated in locations with a high topographic index and were in agreement with field observations. With the incorporation of topographic characteristics and the addition of the surface aquifer, SWAT‐HS improved streamflow simulation and gave a good representation of saturated areas on the dates that measurements were available. SWAT‐HS is expected to improve water quality model predictions where the location of the surface runoff matters.     

确定剩余油分布技术

目前，国内外确定剩余油饱和度及其分布技术归纳起来可分为四类：单井分析技术、井间测试技术、室内模拟技术和油藏动态分析技术。每种技术都有其优点和局限，在实际应用中通常采用多种技术的综合。相对稀油而言，稠油剩余油饱和度及其分布的研究起步较晚。辽河油田稠油的多数主力区块都进入吞吐开采中后期，通过油蒇精细描述，应用测井、室内模拟和油藏动态分析等技术研究稠油剩余油的分布，对油田的长期高产稳产起着十分关键的作用。