海南岛典型河口表层沉积物重金属和多环芳烃的累积和生态风险评价

重金属和多环芳烃具有致畸性、致癌性和致突变性,是生态研究和环境保护领域的热点。海南岛是中国首个生态文明试验区,城市化进程的不断加快会增加河口地区环境保护的压力。昌化江、罗带河和三亚河是海南岛重要的入海河流。目前缺少对昌化江和罗带河沉积物中重金属和多环芳烃的报道,对三亚河的相关研究结果也存在差异。为了解这三条河流河口表层沉积物中重金属和多环芳烃(PAHs)累积特征和生态风险,本文采用电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法(ICP-MS/OES)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)含量,气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定PAHs含量。根据污染物组成和相关性探讨其来源,并利用潜在生态风险指数和沉积物环境质量标准进行风险评估。结果表明：①昌化江沉积物中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值分别为3.24、0.03、7.03、5.33、0.007、3.06、16.9和14.1mg/kg;罗带河对应重金属平均值为4.81、0.02、7.69、4.56、0.010、3.29、18.3和14.7mg/kg;三亚河对应重金属平均值为5.83、0.05、15.3、8.28、0.021、4.91、21.4和29.8mg/kg。除As外,重金属均低于或接近海南岛土壤基准值。三个河口区沉积物中的As以及三亚河中的Cd、Cu具有较高的富集因子,表明受人为因素影响较大,可能与周边农业活动有关;其余重金属具有较低的富集因子和较高的相关性,表明受区域地质背景控制;②昌化江、罗带河、三亚河沉积物中PAHs含量分别为3.48~56.6μg/kg、8.72~56.8μg/kg、6.41~573.9μg/kg,均以中低环为主,表明生物质的低温燃烧是PAHs的主要来源;③生态风险评价结果显示,研究区沉积物没有受到重金属和PAHs污染,均以低生态风险为主。本研究结果可为河口区污染物生态风险防控提供参考。     

与时俱进,发展中国大地构造学

郯庐断裂带的起源时间与型式仍然存在着很大的分歧。最近在大别山东缘早白垩世左旋走滑韧性剪切带中 ,发现了早期左旋走滑韧性剪切带。其中三处早期糜棱岩中白云母分别给出了( 188.7± 0 .7)Ma、( 189.7± 0 .6 )Ma、( 192 .5± 0 .7)Ma的40 Ar/ 3 9Ar坪年龄 ,指示了同造山走滑热事件。前陆沉积与变形构造也表明该断裂带在华北与华南板块碰撞中就发生了活动。郯庐断裂带内的造山期构造及旁侧的前陆沉积与变形构造特征 ,指示断裂带同造山运动为转换断层型式 ,并将大别—苏鲁造山带左行错移了约 35 0km ,同时苏鲁造山带发生逆时针旋转。在早白垩世滨太平洋构造活动中 ,该断裂进一步向北延伸 ,发生了约 2 0 0km的左行平移。因而 ,该断裂带起源于华北与华南板块的碰撞之中 ,其同造山运动与这两大板块的碰撞过程相伴生     

“泥科学与应用技术”的提出及研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,以淤泥、污泥为代表的各种泥状物产量巨大,接近于城市垃圾的数量。而各种泥的性状及污染物种类非常复杂、多样,经济、安全地进行各种泥的处理和利用已经成为一个重要的问题。各种泥状物虽然种类不同、成分各异,但具有很多共同的物理、化学性质。在处理方面也具有以脱水为主的减量化、以污染物稳定为主的无害化、以改变性质后进行利用为主的资源化的途径上的一致性。此外,泥所具有的一些特殊性质也能够被利用来解决一些特殊的问题。长期以来,各种泥的科学研究和处理技术分布在各行各业,使用的概念、指标不能统一,技术和方法隔离发展,影响了对于泥的基础理论和技术的发展。针对这些问题,提出了建立“泥科学与应用技术”的学科方向,对于泥的主要种类和问题,处理泥中所遇到的热点问题以及几个典型的研究进行了综述,为解决泥的问题进行了分析和总结。     

Retention of mercury in sediments of the Baltic Sea near Oulu,Finland

Several cores were compared to elucidate the grade of mercury retention in sediments of the Baltic Sea near Oulu, Finland. The known history of the mercury discharge to waste water from a chlor-alkali plant, the primary pollution source, was compared to that in the sedimentary record. One core was dated by lead-210 and varve counts. During the past thirty years, the rate of sedimentation was up to 10 mm per year corresponding to a dry matter accumulation rate of about 3 kg m^–2a^–1. Under these conditions, most of the mercury reaching the sediment was retained. Correspondingly, the mercury levels in fish were considerably lower, with a delay of some five years.The present mercury content of the upper layers is some 1/4 or 1/5 that of the late 1970's, but it is still some twentyfold compared to levels at the beginning of the century. The extent to which the present mercury level in the sediment represents the various phases of industrial emission remains unsolved due to the origin of mercury in this sea area from several other sources and due to difficulties in exact core correlations from different years.     

Evaluation of the contamination of platinum in estuarine and coastal sediments (Tagus Estuary and Prodelta, Portugal)

Platinum contamination in estuarine and coastal sediments has been evaluated in three cores collected from the Tagus Estuary and Prodelta shelf sediments. Elevated concentrations, up to 25-fold enrichment compared to background values, were found in the upper layers of the estuarine sediments. The degree of Pt enrichment in the estuarine sediments varied depending on the proximity to vehicular traffic sources, with a maximum concentration of 9.5 ng g⁻¹. A considerable decrease of Pt concentrations with depth indicated the absence of significant contamination before the introduction of catalytic converters in automobiles. Platinum distribution in the Tagus Prodelta shelf sediment core showed no surface enrichment; instead a sub-surface maximum at the base of the mixed layer suggested the possibility of post-depositional mobility, thereby blurring the traffic-borne contamination signature in coastal sediments.     

西藏阿里札达盆地下更新统香孜组地层厘定与层序地层划分

根据札达盆地香孜组河湖相地层剖面的接触关系、沉积旋回、沉积体系和岩相岩性特征,可将札达盆地下更新统香孜组河湖相地层划分为2个沉积相、3个岩段。香孜组一、二岩段为一套砾岩夹砂岩的粗碎屑岩,属典型的冲（洪）积扇沉积物;第三岩段为砾岩与砂岩互层,属冰水冰缘相沉积。ESR法和古地磁法测年结果表明,札达盆地香孜组河湖相地层的形成时代为早更新世早期（2．68—1．36Ma）。札达盆地为一同生断陷盆地,在后期重新复活的过程中,盆地只经历了冲积体系域和水进体系域。冲积体系域形成于札达盆地早更新世早期重新复活层序发育的早、中期,水进体系域形成于札达盆地早更新世早期重新复活层序发育的晚期。     

第四纪松散沉积物中隐性活断层的显微构造特征

第四纪松散沉积物中普遍存在断层的隐性现象 ,包括断层的隐形和尖灭 ,给古地震研究带来了复杂性和多解性。选择了一些典型古地震剖面 ,对涉及到断层隐形或尖灭的部位 ,进行了定向原状样品采集 ,通过室内样品固结 ,显微薄片制作和显微构造现象观察 ,从显微域里找到了鉴定隐形断层的许多标志 ,并对断层尖灭机制进行了研究。认为通过显微构造分析 ,排除或肯定隐形断层的存在 ,或者追踪断层尖灭的层位 ,结合宏观剖面研究和年代测定 ,可以使古地震时代和期次判定更准确     

Fluid-driven Hydrovolcanic Activity along Fracture Zones and near Seamounts: Evidence from Deep-sea Fe-rich Spherules,Central Indian Ocean Basin

An insight on occurrence of Fe-rich spherules from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) provides an understanding of their distribution at a water depth of >5,000 m. In the present study, Fe-rich spherules are identified to occur in two different sediment types (i.e., siliceous and pelagic) and tectonic settings (i.e. near seamounts and fracture zones). These are single spheres or aggregates, of different sizes (63 to 390 μm) and show textural variability (smooth/quenched, brickwork, corkscrew, interlocking and dendritic). A comparative study based on physical morphology and chemical composition suggests a common mechanism of formation. The association of spherules with fracture zones (FZ) and seamounts signifies that morpho-tectonic features play an important role in fluid-driven hydrovolcanism. Based on the evidence and geologic conditions existing in the basin, we conclude that molten fuel-coolant interaction (MFCI) coupled with submarine hydrothermal exhalations could be an ideal mechanism for the formation of spherules and Fe-particles. The accretion of the spherules on the surface sediments could be a result of recent volcanic phenomena, while those occurring at different depths (280–355, and 460–475 cm-bsf) within the sediment core indicate two different episodes. The study provides a global implication in understanding fluid-driven magmatism in a deep-sea intraplate environment.     

Biogeographical distribution and diversity of bacterial and archaeal communities within highly polluted anoxic marine sediments from the marmara sea

Physicochemical and microbiological characterization of anoxic sediments taken from seven highly polluted sites of the Marmara Sea was carried out. The 16S rRNA based microbial community structure analyses were performed using domain-specific PCR followed by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of characteristic bands. The results showed that the microbial communities in these sediments were diverse and evenly distributed. Relating the prokaryotic and geochemical variables through statistical tools revealed that the microbial diversity in the sediments significantly related to depth, and S, Mn and Fe content of the sediments. Fermentative bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were dominant whereas sulfate reducing bacteria were absent in the DGGE patterns. This unusual microbial community structure implied that the newly discovered anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification process may occur in these subseafloor environments.     

1:25000沟系沉积物地球化学测量方法有效性探讨——以东昆仑巴隆地区为例

青海东昆仑地区是青海省重要的金、铜、铁多金属成矿区,1∶250 000、1∶50 000水系沉积物地球化学测量工作在该区域圈定了众多的异常区,但总体查证程度偏低。为实现该区域找矿重大突破,选定巴隆地区部署开展了以采集水系沉积物为主、残坡积岩屑物质为辅的1∶25 000沟系沉积物地球化学测量工作,取得了较为突出的找矿效果。该项工作表明,在青海省东昆仑地区,1∶25 000沟系沉积物地球化学测量方法是一种有效的地质找矿工作手段。该方法能有效克服东昆仑地区北部水系不发育、风成物干扰严重,南部高山区碎石流发育、影响水系沉积物汇聚等因素对找矿的干扰,相对传统的地质找矿方法在异常查证过程中的适用性、可操作性更强,找矿效果好,能实现矿体的精确定位,对东昆仑的地质找矿工作具有借鉴作用。