Models for recession flows in the upper Blue Nile River

Stream‐flow recessions are commonly characterized by the exponential equation or in the alternative power form equation of a single linear reservoir. The most common measure of recession is the recession constant K, which relates to the power function form of the recession equation for a linear reservoir. However, in reality it can be seen that the groundwater dynamics of even the simplest of aquifers may behave in a non‐linear fashion. In this study three different storage–outflow algorithms; single linear, non‐linear and multiple linear reservoir were considered to model the stream‐flow recession of the upper Blue Nile. The recession parameters for the linear and non‐linear models were derived by the use of least‐squares regression procedures. Whereas, for the multiple linear reservoir model, a second‐order autoregressive AR (2) model was applied first in order to determine the parameters by the least‐squares method. The modelling of the upper Blue Nile recession flow performed shortly after the wet season, when interflow and bank storage may be contributing considerably to the river flow, showed that the non‐linear reservoir model simulates well with the observed counterparts. The variation related to preceding flow on a recession parameter of the non‐linear reservoir remains significant, which was obtained by stratification of the recession curves. Although a similar stratification did not show any systematic variation on the recession parameters for the linear and multiple linear reservoir models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An evaluation of Radarsat-2 individual and combined image dates for land use/cover mapping

Various land use/cover types exhibit seasonal characteristics which can be captured in remotely sensed imagery. This study examined how different seasons of Radarsat-2 data influence land use/cover classification accuracies for two study sites. Two dates of Radarsat-2 C-band quad-polarised images were obtained for Washington, DC, USA and Wad Madani, Sudan. Spectral signatures were extracted and used with a maximum likelihood decision rule for classification and thematic accuracies were then determined. Both despeckled radar and derived texture measures were examined. Thematic accuracies for the two despeckled image dates were similar with a difference of 3% for Washington and 6% for Sudan. Merging the despeckled images for both seasons increased overall accuracy by 2% for Washington and 9% for Sudan. Further combining the original radar for both seasons with derived texture measures increased overall accuracies by 9% for Washington and 16% for Sudan for final overall accuracy values of 73 and 82%.     

极富CO_2流体的造山型金矿:苏丹哈马迪金矿

哈马迪金矿位于苏丹东北部,矿床产于阿拉伯-努比亚地盾新元古界变质岩系中,属于受剪切带控制的造山型金矿床。金矿体赋存在角闪片岩内近南北向的片理化蚀变带中,围岩蚀变主要为黄铁绢英岩化,以及绿泥石化和碳酸盐化等。在含矿石英细脉中赋存有大量的极富CO2的碳质流体包裹体。这些包裹体几乎不含水,含有少量CH4(XCH4=0~0.10)。脉石英中碳质流体包裹体既有孤立或随机分布的原生包裹体,也有呈线性分布的次生包裹体,最晚期还有次生水溶液包裹体的分布。碳质流体包裹体的三相点(Tm,CO2)范围变化不大(-58.4~-57.0℃),但均一温度(Th,CO2)范围变化较大(-19℃~+29℃)。捕获的P-T条件可由LCO2包裹体的ρ值或Th,CO2值,以及与其伴生的CO2-H2O包裹体最终均一温度Th,TOT值,从有关相图中估算。早期碳质流体包裹体的捕获P-T条件范围为280~360℃、80~320MPa。金矿化发生在变质峰期之后的退变质作用晚期。广泛发育的热液蚀变说明碳质流体并非来自单一的流体源,寄主石英变形很弱也不能解释水从H2O-CO2-盐流体包裹体中优先淋失、残留大量的CO2±CH4包裹体。碳质流体包裹体可能的成因是:在金成矿的退变质时期,来自深部的H2O-CO2-盐流体,由于P-T下降而发生不混溶,H2O在热液蚀变中被大量消耗,而CO2则以碳质流体包裹体的形式被得捕获在脉石英中。     

苏丹东北部哈维特金矿地质特征及控矿构造研究北大核心CSCD

哈维特金矿床位于阿拉伯-努比亚地盾Gabgaba地块,是苏丹东北部近年来新发现的一个金矿床。通过系统的野外地质调查和控矿构造研究,初步揭示了该矿床的地质特征及矿床类型,基本查明了矿区的构造特点及其含矿性,为矿区进一步勘查指明了方向。该矿区金矿(化)体呈脉状,严格受NW向脆-韧性剪切带控制,产于低绿片岩相的片理化带内,主要以含金硅化碳酸盐化黄铁矿化绢英岩或碎裂岩的形式产出。硅化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化和绢云母化与金成矿关系密切。就矿床成因类型而言,应属于造山型金矿床。综合分析矿区构造特征发现,矿区脆-韧性剪切带具左行特征,其内广泛发育NW、NE、NEE、NNW、NNE向断裂构造;NW向左行左列断裂、NE向右行左列断裂和NEE向右行断裂是本区最主要的含矿构造,而NNW、NNE向断裂多为成矿期后的断裂构造;矿区构造形成演化过程中,先后经历了挤压变形、后挤压和伸展作用三个阶段,金成矿作用主要形成于后挤压作用阶段。矿区今后勘查找矿工作应重点针对NW向、NE向断裂构造控制的金矿体展开。     

苏丹洁比特金矿地质特征浅析

该矿床受构造及地层控制,主要赋存于Ｎａｆｉｒｄｅｉｂｕ群安山质岩组和凝灰质岩组接触带内一套细粒岩屑凝灰岩和岩质页岩中发育的构造剪切带里。     

应用高分辨率质谱分析苏丹高酸值原油成因

苏丹Muglad和Melut盆地是苏丹乃至整个中、西非剪切带最富含油气的盆地,所发现的原油主要为中质油(重度为20°～34°API),其次为重质油(重度小于20°API),普遍高含沥青质、高含蜡、高酸值、低含硫。为了探讨高酸值原油的成因,选择了苏丹地区18个不同酸值的原油样品,尝试高分辨率质谱分析上述原油有机酸的组成。结果表明,高酸值原油的有机酸主要由环烷酸组成;环烷酸的平均相对分子质量随降解作用程度增加而增大,分子碳原子数分布范围变宽;环烷酸以一环、二环、三环环烷酸为主。生物降解作用是形成高酸值原油的主要原因。