动载荷作用下岩石破坏过程的数值试验研究

采用基于细观损伤力学基础上开发的动态版RFPA2D数值模拟软件,对动载荷作用下应力波延续时间、应力波峰值和围压对岩石试样破坏的影响进行了数值研究,结果表明,应力波延续时间较短,则尾随应力波波前的高应力区范围较窄,应力波衰减较快;相反,应力波延续时间较长,则紧跟应力波波前的高应力区范围较大,岩石处于破坏状态的时间延长,岩石的破碎程度加大。此外,存在一个合适的应力波延续时间,过分地加大应力波延续时间,反而不利于岩石裂隙的发育。动载荷的峰值越大,试样的破坏程度越大,当峰值达到一定值时,试样顶部呈现粉碎状,试样从上到下破坏程度逐渐减弱。在冲击载荷作用下的岩石随着围压的增加更难破碎,但当围压增大到一定程度时,岩石会突然失稳破坏。     

桩顶加筋灰土垫层理论分析与工程设计探讨

目前,加筋垫层的工程实践超前于其理论研究,桩顶加筋灰土垫层设计方法受到普遍关注。以郑－西客运专线深厚湿陷性黄土地基处理为工程背景,建立了桩顶加筋灰土垫层理论模型,分析了桩顶垫层荷载特征,提出了灰土垫层设计极限状态理论。考虑不同桩径、不同桩间距、不同路基高度和不同格栅强度情况,对灰土垫层厚度等进行了参数影响性分析。建议高速客运专线路基桩顶垫层设计中宜采用双层、双向土工格栅结构形式,并优先选用延伸率小的筋材。     

CRG桩在花岗岩持力层中的试验研究

CRG桩(预应力高强混凝土管注浆桩)取得了国家发明专利。介绍了CRG桩施工方法及试验桩施工情况,讨论了在花岗岩地层施工中遇到的孔内沉渣清理、管桩上浮及灌浆问题。对CRG桩的灌浆充填体进行了钻芯检测,发现充填体胶结质量不高,充填体强度低,影响桩身强度的提高。但静载试验表明,CRG桩的侧阻力和端阻力都得到充分发挥,单桩承载力比同直径的钻孔灌注桩有较大的提高。为在花岗岩持力层中CRG桩的试验积累了经验。     

Recent water quality trends and a comparison to sediment-core records for two riverine lakes of the Upper Mississippi River basin: Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin

Long-term water quality monitoring data from two riverine lakes in the Upper Mississippi River basin, Lakes St. Croix and Pepin, were analyzed to compare the long-term average water quality conditions and land use distributions, water quality trends and loads at lake inlets and outlets, trends from long-term versus short-term monitoring records, and the ability of paleolimnological cores to accurately infer lake water quality conditions. During the 1976–2004 period, the long-term average concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, and chlorophyll-a were consistently lower at the Lake St. Croix inlet versus the Lake Pepin inlet, which drains a greater proportion of urban and agricultural runoff. Despite these differences, nutrient trends were similar at the inlets to both lakes; reductions in total phosphorus and ammonium concentrations were attributed to improvements in point source technologies, whereas increasing nitrate concentrations were attributed to both point source changes and nonpoint source increases. Despite improvements in several water quality variables, nitrate concentrations are increasing in both lakes, sediment trends indicate persistent nonpoint source inputs to Lake Pepin, and current total phosphorus concentrations remain well above pre-1950s levels in both lakes. Since urban development and agriculture are increasing in the Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin Watersheds, continued point source regulation and additional nonpoint source control efforts will be needed to further improve water quality in these lakes. The 1976–2004 trends for most water quality variables were similar at inlet versus outlet sites on Lake St. Croix. Trends at Lake Pepin inlet versus outlet sites were less similar, but data availability limited the comparison to the 1993–2003 period. While the truncated data record highlighted short-term trends in both lakes, the full data record was most useful for exploring general patterns in water quality. Length of monitoring record affected our ability to detect trends at the inlets to both lakes, and altered the magnitude of detected trends. During the two decades of the 1980s and 1990s, paleolimnological estimates of retained phosphorus loads were similar to those estimated from recent water quality monitoring. These similarities support the use of paleolimnological approaches to infer past water quality conditions in Lakes St. Croix and Pepin. This is one of eight papers dedicated to the “Recent Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi River” published in this special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. D. R. Engstrom served as guest editor of the special issue.     

Consolidation of inelastic clays under rectangular cyclic loading

This paper presents a semi-analytical solution for one dimensional consolidation problem of inelastic clays under cyclic loading considering the effect of the change of the consolidation coefficient of the soil layer. Due to change of the consolidation coefficient, and time-dependant loading, Terzaghi's theory would not be applicable in cyclic conditions. In this research, a method based on the time variable exchange along with the superimposing rule is employed to overcome these shortcomings. Changes in the consolidation coefficient are applied in the solution by modifying the loading and unloading durations introducing a Virtual Time. Based on the superimposing rule a set of continuous static loads in specified times are used instead of the cyclic load in the transformed time space. Each full cycle of loading is replaced by a pair of static loads with different signs. Based on the Terzaghi's theory the pore-water pressure distribution and the degree of consolidation are calculated for each static load and the results are superimposed. A set of laboratory consolidation tests under cyclic load and numerical analysis are performed in order to verify the presented method. The numerical solution and laboratory tests results showed the accuracy of the presented method.     

水平-摇摆耦合振动波阻板主动隔振三维分析

为研究三维地基中波阻板（简称WIB）的隔振效果,建立了以薄层法基本解答作为格林函数的半解析边界单元法。对水平-摇摆耦合激振作用下WIB隔振系统的主动隔振进行了计算,详细分析了WIB参数对隔振效果的影响。研究表明,WIB可以有效地隔振;增加WIB的厚度、提高WIB的弹性模量、减小WIB 的埋深可以有效提高隔振效果,而增加WIB的直径可以显著降低WIB范围内地表位移振幅,但对WIB范围外的地表位移影响较为复杂。     

变荷载作用下轴对称饱和半空间均质地基Biot固结分析

基于Biot固结理论,对随时间变化的变荷载作用下轴对称饱和半空间均质地基固结问题进行了分析。引入状态变量,利用Laplace-Haknel联合变换法,求解了状态方程,得到变荷载作用下饱和土骨架位移、应力、孔隙水压力及渗流量的一般积分形式解,通过算例详细分析了变荷载作用下二维地基固结问题。结果表明,对缓加荷载作用下地基,只有加载较快时,在地基较深处才有明显的Mandel-Cryer效应出现。在循环荷载作用下,多维固结情况下会出现负孔压现象。     

复杂应力路径下流体饱和砂岩本构模型

高孔隙率砂岩在不同围压及被不同流体（水及油）饱和时表现出不同的应力-应变特性及不同的破坏过程。复杂应力路径下油和水饱和砂岩的力学试验表明,存在某一临界围压,随着围压的增加,饱和砂岩从以压剪破坏为主,逐渐转变为以孔隙坍塌破坏为主的破坏机制。通过力学试验结果的分析,以两种破坏理论对油和水饱和砂岩的破坏特征进行了力学解释,并应用经典塑性力学的盖帽模型建立了相应的本构模型,应用非线性有限元法进行了数值验证,研究结果表明,提出的模型与试验资料吻合良好,能较好地模拟复杂应力路径下油和水饱和砂岩的破坏机制及模拟注水采油引起的砂岩附加沉降。     

路堤沉降预测的Gompertz模型应用研究

高速公路路堤填筑过程可近似地看为一个线性加载的过程。笔者从土体应力-应变关系出发,证明了在线性加载或近似线性加载情况下,路堤沉降-时间曲线呈反“S”型特征,并由此建立了Gompertz沉降-时间预测模型,其中3个参数a、b和c可以通过SAS程序求解得到。多个工程实例的应用证明了该模型在路堤沉降预测中的合理性和实用性。     

冲击荷载下土体位移特征研究

建立了冲击荷载作用下土体动力压密有限元方程及其数值计算方法。用Ansys-Ls-dyna软件包对山西化肥厂地基冲击荷载作用后土体的动力响应进行了分析,得出了冲击荷载作用下分层土体中的位移分布特征及其它们的变化过程,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。研究结果表明：冲击荷载作用下土体位移的影响范围为一椭球体。侧向加固半径距荷载作用中心接近2D(D为夯锤直径),荷载作用中心下加固深度能达到2D甚至更大。