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221.
While many harmful algal blooms have been associated with increasing eutrophication, not all species respond similarly and the increasing challenge, especially for resource managers, is to determine which blooms are related to eutrophication and to understand why particular species proliferate under specific nutrient conditions. The overall goal of this brief review is to describe why nutrient loads are not changing in stoichiometric proportion to the "Redfield ratio", and why this has important consequences for algal growth. Many types of harmful algae appear to be able to thrive, and/or increase their production of toxins, when nutrient loads are not in proportion classically identified as Redfield ratios. Here we also describe some of the physiological mechanisms of different species to take up nutrients and to thrive under conditions of nutrient imbalance. 相似文献
222.
223.
Two trial piles were installed at the berm section of an embankment in the later stage of its construction and one of them was fitted with an oversized casing to isolate its top 3 m from the action of surrounding soil. Lateral bending behaviour these two piles subjected to passive sub soil movements were very different from each other because of the casing and is modelled in this paper using a three dimensional analysis. The effect of relative stiffness of the piles on their lateral bending behaviour is investigated. The effect of interface joint slip on the pile’s behaviour is also investigated in a later section of this paper. 相似文献
224.
延吉—珲春地区的圆砾层是该区域工程建设经常利用的土层.为了获取圆砾层可靠的地基承载力数据,探讨确定地基承载力适宜的测试手段和方法,以及检验以前地基承载力数据的可靠度,采用载荷试验和重型圆锥动力触探试验原位测试方法对圆砾层的地基承载力进行了测试研究,获取了十二组地基承载力特征值、变形模量和重型圆锥动力触探锤击数试验数据.通过对试验数据的统计分析,得到了圆砾层地基承载力特征值的范围,得出地基承载力特征值、变形模量与重型圆锥动力触探锤击数线性相关的结论.据此,提出了适合当地工程地质条件的根据重型圆锥动力触探锤击数计算圆砾层地基承载力特征值和变形模量的经验公式.为延吉—珲春地区岩土工程勘察工作能够准确可靠、便捷、经济地确定圆砾层地基承载力特征值和变形模量提供了依据和方法,并为吉林省其他地区圆砾层地基承载力的研究提供了参考. 相似文献
225.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(1):15-25
Experimental studies on a sand with a well-graded low plasticity fines were conducted to study a number of issues related to limited flow. Cyclic behaviour in relation to instability and limited flow are compared with corresponding monotonic behaviour. A single set of rules for a range of fines contents was proposed to correlate cyclic and monotonic behaviour. 相似文献
226.
Experimental investigations and modeling of nonlinear elasticity of fiber-reinforced soil under cyclic loading at small strain are conducted in this paper. The investigations include three aspects. First, cyclic shear tests are conducted using conventional triaxial apparatus. Twenty-seven specimens with three different fiber contents are employed to conduct triaxial cyclic shear tests under different confining pressure and loading repetition. Effects of geofiber, confining pressure and loading repetition on elastic shear modulus of reinforced soil are studied and analyzed. Second, a hyperbolic function is introduced to describe the nonlinear stress–strain skeletal curve under cyclic loading. Nonlinear elastic modulus is expressed as a function of shear strain and two variables A and B that are related to the initial tangential modulus and ultimate cyclic loading stress, respectively. In the present paper, variables A and B both are further assumed to be functions of geofiber content, confining pressure and loading repetition. Finally, eight constitutive coefficients of the nonlinear elastic model are calibrated using stress–strain curves from cyclic triaxial shear tests. The calibration of parameters is conducted using the technique of the linear regression for multiple variables. Impacts and effects of geofiber, confining pressure and loading repetitions on soil nonlinear elastic behavior are discussed. 相似文献
227.
为了定量评价主应力轴旋转对地铁荷载作用下隧道下卧软黏土累积变形的影响,通过有限元方法并结合实测数据的验证对地铁荷载下地基土的应力路径进行分析;在此基础上,借助空心圆柱仪对这一复杂应力路径进行室内模拟和对比试验研究。结果表明:主应力轴旋转增大了软黏土的累积变形,且最大有效主应力比(有效最大主应力与有效最小主应力之比)越大、或加载频率越高增大更明显。在实际地铁荷载和通常隧道埋深条件下,考虑主应力轴旋转使软黏土的累积变形增加9%~23%(加载频率越高,增加越大)。可用常规循环三轴的累积变形试验结果乘以土体分别在有、无主应力轴旋转下变形的比值,来预估实际地铁荷载下软黏土的累积变形,初步研究得到该比值与土体的最大有效主应力比之间存在幂函数关系。 相似文献
228.
利用理论和实验重力固体潮模型,充分考虑全球海潮和中国近海潮汐的负荷效应,建立了中国大陆的精密重力潮汐改正模型.结果表明,采用不同的固体潮模型会对重力潮汐结果产生相对变化幅度小于0.06%的差异;在沿海地区海潮负荷的影响约为整个潮汐的4%,而中部地区约为1%,其中中国近海潮汐模型的影响约占整个海潮负荷的10%,内插或外推潮波的负荷约占海潮负荷的3%.通过比较实测的重力数据表明,本文给出的重力潮汐改正模型的精度远远优于0.5×10-8 m·s-2,说明了本文构建的模型的实用性,可为中国大陆高精度重力测量提供有效参考和精密的改正模型. 相似文献
229.
Fatigue reliability analysis of deep water rigid marine risers associated with Morison-type wave loading 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Muddassir Nazir Faisal Khan Paul Amyotte 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(3):379-390
This work presents a simple and efficient framework for the fatigue reliability assessment of a vertical top-tensioned rigid
riser. The fatigue damage response is considered as a narrow-band Gaussian stationary random process with a zero mean for
the short-term behavior of a riser. Non-linearity in a response associated with Morison-type wave loading is accounted for
by using a factor, which is the ratio of expected damage according to a non-linear probability distribution to the expected
damage according to a linear method of analysis. Long-term non-stationary response is obtained by summing up a large number
of short-term stationary responses. Uncertainties associated with both the strength and stress parts of the limit state function
are quantified by a lognormal distribution. A closed form reliability analysis is carried out, which is based on the limit
state function formulated in terms of Miner’s cumulative damage rule. The results thus obtained are compared with the well-documented
lognormal format of reliability analysis based on time to fatigue failure. The validity of using the lognormal hazard rate
function in predicting the fatigue life is discussed. A Monte Carlo simulation technique is also used as a reliability assessment
method. A simple algorithm is used to reduce the uncertainty associated with direct sampling at small probability of failure
values and a small number of simulations. Simulation results are compared with closed form solutions. A worked example is
included to show the practical riser design problem based on reliability analysis. 相似文献
230.