Quantitative relationship between channels and bars in a tidal reach of the lower Yangtze River: Implications for river management

Deep-water navigation channels in the tidal reaches of the lower Yangtze River are affected by water and sediment fluxes that produce complex shoals and unstable channel conditions. The Fujiangsha reach is particularly difficult to manage, as it has many braided channels within the tidal fluctuation zone. In this study, hydrologic and topographic data from the Fujiangsha reach from 2012 to 2017 were used to examine the variations in deposition and erosion, flow diversion, shoals, and channel conditions. Since the Three Gorges Dam became operational and water storage was initiated, the Fujiangsha reach has shown an overall tendency toward erosion. Channels deeper than 10 m accounted for 83.7% of the total erosion of the Fujiangsha reach during 2012–2017. Moreover, the dominant channel-forming sediments have gradually changed from suspended sediments to a mixed load of suspended and bed-load sediments. Deposition volumes of these sediments has varied significantly among different channels, but has mainly occurred in the Fubei channel. Furthermore, periodic variations in the Jingjiang point bar have followed a deposition-erosion-deposition pattern, and the downstream Shuangjian shoal mid-channel bar has been scoured and shortened. Approximately 44.0% of the bed load from the upstream Fujiangsha reach is deposited within the 12.5-m deep Fubei channel. The increased erosion and river flow from the Jingjiang point bar and the Shuangjian shoal during the flood season constituted 59.3% and 40.7%, respectively, of the total amount of siltation in the Fubei channel.     

地下曲流河道单砂体内部薄夹层建筑结构研究方法

单砂体内部薄夹层因规模小、薄、不稳定、参数与分布难于确定等,致使覆盖盆地单砂体内部薄夹层及其建筑结构研究较少且难度很大,为此,本文以曲流河道沉积、建筑结构模式为指导,充分利用岩芯、测井、密井网等油田现有资料,提出了‘一整套地下曲流河道单砂体内部薄夹层建筑结构研究方法’,特别是以‘侧积泥、侧积面、废弃河道的识别、恢复、测算;河道几何学、河流工程参数计算;建筑结构理论模式为基础的‘单一侧积泥岩薄夹层建筑结构参数（倾角、倾向、规模）三类13种提取方法’及薄夹层分布密度与河道侧积轨迹研究技术,为这一难题的解决提供了可行的思路与方法。并以杏南油田PⅠ31b单元为靶区,应用该方法确定了曲流河道单砂体内部薄夹层及其建筑结构理论模式和研究区实际模式。     

黄河上游内蒙古段河床演变及其与水沙变化的关系

对黄河内蒙古段河道大断面进行了连续4 a的测量,分析了断面泥沙冲淤与形态调整的变化过程;通过对河床形态指标变化与水沙条件的相关分析,揭示了河床调整主要的影响因素。结果显示：近4 a内不存在河槽萎缩的现象,整个河段河道存在总的冲刷降低的趋势,继承了自2004年以来该段河道以深度加大为主,河槽逐渐缓慢扩大的变化方向。整个河段平均从2011年汛后至2014年汛后,全断面冲刷了64 m²,河槽河底降低了0.16 m,河槽断面面积增加了4.4%,平均深度增加了4.9%,河槽宽度只增加了0.88%,河槽宽深比减小了4.8%。河槽冲刷和形态调整主要发生在2011年汛后至2012年汛后期间,与2012年较大的洪峰有关。分析河槽冲淤和断面形态变化与水沙条件的关系,结果显示滩唇高度、河槽过水面积、平均深度及宽深比变率与流量大小关系密切。滩唇高度、河槽过水面积、平均深度随着流量的增大而增加,宽深比随着流量的增大而减小。相反,河床断面面积和主槽宽度的变化与水沙条件的关系不显著。除了滩唇高度与平均含沙量有关外,平均含沙量和来沙系数与河床冲淤以及河槽形态变化之间关系都不显著。揭示出近年来内蒙河道主槽以垂向冲淤为主,并且流量变化控制着河槽冲淤与形态调整过程。     

游荡性河流演变规律研究进展及其河型归属探讨

游荡性河道在中国广泛分布,其中以黄河下游上段最为典型,但关于游荡性河型的归属问题尚存在很大争议,国际上多将游荡性河流归属为辫状河型。本文以黄河下游游荡性河道为典型案例,系统总结了游荡性河流的演变特征、主要影响因素和形成机理,并从定义、成因、特征及河道形成过程方面,将游荡与辫状河型的异同点进行对比分析。得到以下启示：游荡性河型是一种重要的河道型态,与辫状河型在许多方面存在较明显差异。特别是游荡河型主要发育于能量小于输沙需求的环境,因而形态呈现不稳定特性,但辫状河型不仅出现在能量较多的环境,而且也常在能量较小的环境中出现,因而一部分具有稳定形态,另一部分则表现出不稳定的特性,因此,有必要对游荡性河道和辫状河道给予区分。最后对未来研究进行了展望,提出应重视河型形成的内在机理,对能量理论进行发展及深化,进一步系统性评价游荡性河道与辫状河道的异同性,以解决游荡性河道的河型归属问题。     

Experimental Study on the Mobility of Channelized Granular Mass Flow

Granular mass flows (e.g., debris flows/avalanches) in landslide-prone areas are of great concern because they often cause catastrophic disasters as a result of their long run-out distances and large impact forces. To investigate the factors influencing granular mass flow mobility, experimental tests were conducted in a flume model. Granular materials consisting of homogeneous sand and non-homogeneous sandy soil were used for studying particle size effects. Run-out tests with variable flow masses, water contents, and sloping channel confinement parameters were conducted as well. The results indicated that granular mass flow mobility was significantly influenced by the initial water content; a critical water content corresponding to the smallest flow mobility exists for different granular materials. An increase in the total flow mass generally induced a reduction in the travel angle (an increase in flow mobility). Consistent with field observations, the travel angles for different granular materials decreased roughly in proportion to the logarithm of mass. The flume model tests illustrate that the measured travel angles increase as the proportion of fine particles increases. Interestingly, natural terrain possesses critical confinement characteristics for different granular mass flows.     

塔河地区志留系柯坪塔格组下段沉积相研究

志留系柯坪塔格组作为塔河碎屑岩领域勘探的重点层系之一,随着立体勘探的实施,展现出了良好的勘探前景,但一些沉积相认识上的瓶颈制约着该层系勘探的深入和井位的部署。文章以沉积学、地球物理和地球化学方法为指导,综合利用岩芯、测井和地震资料,并结合粒度、微量元素及重矿物分析,明确了志留系柯坪塔格组下段的沉积相类型及物源方向。研究认为,柯下段主要发育河流相、潮坪相以及浅海陆棚相沉积。其中,下亚段发育河道及潮上-潮间带泥坪沉积,中亚段发育浅海陆棚相沉积,上亚段则发育潮间坪的砂坪-混合坪沉积;柯坪塔格组下段的母岩主要来自于北西方向前寒武系的岩浆岩和变质岩。     

Geochemical zonation of the Miocene Alborán Basin volcanism (westernmost Mediterranean): geodynamic implications

We present new major and trace element and O–Sr–Nd-isotope data for igneous rocks from the western Mediterranean Alborán Sea, collected during the METEOR 51/1 cruise, and for high-grade schists and gneisses from the continental Alborán basement, drilled during the Ocean Drilling Programme (ODP Leg 161, Site 976). The geochemical data allow a detailed examination of crustal and mantle processes involved in the petrogenesis of the lavas and for the first time reveal a zonation of the Miocene Alborán Sea volcanism: (1) a keel-shaped area of LREE-depleted (mainly tholeiitic series) lavas in the central Alborán Sea, generated by high degrees of partial melting of a depleted mantle source and involving hydrous fluids from subducted marine sediments, that is surrounded by (2) a horseshoe-shaped zone with LREE-enriched (mainly calc-alkaline series) lavas subparallel to the arcuate Betic-Gibraltar-Rif mountain belt. We propose that the geochemical zonation of the Miocene Alborán Basin volcanism results from eastward subduction of Tethys oceanic lithosphere coupled with increasing lithospheric thickness between the central Alborán Sea and the continental margins of Iberia and Africa. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

三峡水库135m运行阶段永久船闸下引航道泥沙淤积分析

通过实测三峡水库135m运行阶段永久船闸下引航道及口门区泥沙淤积与水沙因子变化,计算分析了下引航道及口门区的淤积量及分布、拦门沙淤积形态、淤积机理及清淤时机,建立了口门含沙量与长江含沙量、口门斜流流速与长江流量、拦门沙淤积高度与来沙量等关系;并结合倒灌异重流理论,计算验证了下引航道及口门区异重流、环流淤积。结果表明,下引航道及口门区主要集中在主汛期(7~9月)淤积,汛末(10~12月)进行一次清淤即可满足航深要求。     

河道单砂体“建筑结构控三维非均质模式”研究

单砂体平面、层内(小层韵律性)非均质性已不能满足高含水期、三次采油阶段的需求,其既不能揭示单砂体内部物性空间变化及分布,更忽略了单砂体内非渗透薄夹层(多<30cm)对储层非均质性的影响。文中提出按反映单砂体成因、形成微过程及内部结构的储层建筑结构(architecture)研究单砂体内部三维非均质性的思想,并结合曲流点坝单一侧积体沉积模式及其侧叠模式,建立了"渗透率向凸岸、向上减小的新月形楔状侧积体,逐一斜列侧叠,其间被非渗透侧积薄夹层隔开"的曲流河道砂体"建筑结构控三维非均质模式",揭示了以往忽视的、但对单砂体内部三维非均质性至关重要的不渗透薄夹层及其遮挡-阻流格架;也由此客观地揭示了单砂体内部物性基本单元(侧积砂体)及其三维分布规律,从而真正反映了单砂体内部三维非均质性的本质,并由此对单砂体内部渗流场、注入剂驱油和剩余油形成与分布产生重要影响,这将对高含水期、三次采油阶段及其以后的剩余油研究、预测具有重要意义。     

Particularities of the dynamics of river channel processes in the Khabarovsk water junction

The dynamics of river channel processes were analyzed in the region of complex floodplain-channel branching of the Amur River near Khabarovsk using remote sensing data of the Earth’s surface. Zones of steady accumulation and long-term erosion of the river channel are established within the Khabarovsk water junction over the period of 1964–2004. The main problems related to restoring the Amur River back to its initial channel were distinguished in the course of these works. A map of individual streams formed in the Amur River channel under the influence of large tributaries (the Sungari and Ussuri rivers) was developed. The importance of this map for forecasting the spreading of anthropogenic pollution in the channel of the Amur River is shown using the example of the emergency situation that resulted from the explosion at the chemical plant in the Sungari River basin (Jilin, China; November 2005).