采空塌陷区地表建筑物变形特征分析及破坏机理研究

采空区建筑物的变形特性研究,一直是采空塌陷灾害的一个重要方向。本文以北京市房山区史家营乡大村涧村采空塌陷为背景,在充分分析采空区上方建筑物砖墙上裂缝形态及分布规律的基础上,从建筑物受力方面探讨了裂缝产生的原因,并采用数值模拟方法对采矿影响下建筑物的变形破坏机理进行浅析,研究结果不仅可为建筑物加固和维修提供依据,还可为采空塌陷区治理提供参考。     

Structural Characteristics of the Andaman Forearc Inferred from Interpretation of Multichannel Seismic Reflection Data

The Andaman Forearc Basin(AFB) is asymmetric in configuration and filled with a ~6 kmthick pile of Neogene to Recent sediments(~4 s in two-way travel time:TWT) with distinct zonation.It shows gradual thinning up to ~3 km(0.8 s in TWT) towards the eastern end with a seabed gradient of 1:30.Thick deformed sediments ~2 s(TWT) of the Outerarc are associated with intense faulting and occasional folding caused by recent tectonics.Development of a series of faults within the upwarped sedimentary column of Oligocene top to Recent is observed with a rotated fault block.These features are manifestations of Recent igneous intrusion,and reveal the presence of a mild N–S compressional regime.Its effect on the AFB resulted in further uplift of sediments,which can now be seen as the Invisible Bank.Forward gravity modelling supporting our seismic interpretation reveals that it is associated with igneous intrusion from the Moho(~9 km depth),and also suggests that continental crust underlies the AFB.Strong Bottom Simulating Reflector(BSR)-like features in the Miocene sediments of Outerarc and Forearc basin at a depth of 0.6 s below the seabed suggest the inferred probable occurrence of gas hydrates in the AFB.     

Preservation of Palaeoproterozoic early Svecofennian structures in the Orijärvi area, SW Finland—Evidence for polyphase strain partitioning

The predominantly migmatitic Palaeoproterozoic Uusimaa belt preserves early lower-grade Svecofennian structures in the Orijärvi area in SW Finland. This study aims at explaining the deformational history responsible for its preservation and also at defining the age of the early Svecofennian deformation. Detailed structural analysis reveals that the preservation was enabled by polyphase strain partitioning, which initiated during the early Svecofennian D₂ deformation, 1875 Ma ago, as revealed by ion microprobe U–Pb data on zircons from granodioritic and intermediate syn-D₂ intrusive dykes. The D₂ structures were low-strain upright folds at high crustal levels and sub-horizontal high-strain folds at deeper crustal levels. The sub-horizontal D₂ structures were refolded into upright folds during the subsequent late Svecofennian D₃ deformation, whereas the upright D₂ structures behaved as almost rigid blocks that caused strain partitioning into high-strain zones along the block margins. This accounts for the low cumulative strain in specific parts of the Orijärvi area. Further strain partitioning during D₄ caused reverse dip-slip movements along regional-scale shear zones. Crustal depth controlled the metamorphic grade during D₂, when local migmatisation took place at deep crustal levels. Later metamorphic overprint during D₃ deformation is evident from post-D₂ growth of sillimanite and a second generation of andalusite.Similarities in the structural patterns between the Orijärvi area and the Tampere-Vammala area (100 km to the north) suggest that irrespective of the age of the later overprint, subsequent deformation was localised along the margins of the early formed upright domains, while the low-grade rocks within the domains were preserved.     

含液各向异性多孔介质应变局部化分析

工程中的含液多孔介质如饱和或非饱和岩土材料往往具有各向异性特性。采用Rudnicki建立的针对岩土材料的各向异性本构模型,对轴对称压缩试验中的含液多孔介质骨架的各向异性力学行为进行了分析;基于不连续分叉理论,导出了静态非渗流条件下处于轴对称应力状态的含液多孔介质应变局部化发生的临界模量、剪切带方向以及不连续速度矢量的显式表达式,在此基础上计算并讨论了材料参数变化和孔隙液体存在对各向异性多孔介质应变局部化的影响。     

阿姆河右岸东南部吉萨尔山前中下侏罗统构造格架及成因分析

以现有地质及地震资料为基础,对阿姆河右岸区块东南部靠近吉萨尔山前地区的中下侏罗统主要构造特征进行探讨,一方面有利于促进该区中下侏罗统油气勘探,同时也有利于深化对造山带向盆地过渡的山前地区构造变形规律的认识。研究表明：该区中下侏罗统整体表现为由三列近似呈雁行状排列的NE向背斜带组成的褶皱-冲断构造。从控制背斜构造发育的断裂活动特征看,东部山前断层表现为由南东向北西方向逆冲,活动强度大,向西逆断层运动的强度逐渐减弱,且由南向北西部断层的逆冲运动方向发生反向变化,在研究区的北部发育典型的构造三角带。西部背斜带可视为断裂运动方式由南向北变化导致的调节构造。沿构造带走向,三列背斜构造高点由南向北逐渐升高。通过对中下侏罗统构造变形与上覆地层构造特征的比较,结合该区侏罗系沉积特征,认为中下侏罗统构造变形是与上覆地层构造变形共同形成于新近纪喜山期统一的区域构造运动背景下。其主要构造变形机制是晚古近-新近纪以来,在印度板块、阿拉伯板块和欧亚板块碰撞远程效应影响下,受吉萨尔山脉的隆升挤压和研究区北部NW向的大型断裂如布哈拉断裂、曼格什拉克断裂的右旋压扭共同作用而成。     

Method of deformation analysis for composite structures of soils and masonry stones

The coupled numerical manifold method (NMM) and discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) are enhanced to simulate deformations of continuous soil and discontinuous masonry structures. An elasto-plastic NMM-DDA is formulated that incorporates elasto-plastic constitutive laws into incremental forms of the equation of motion. A node-based uniform strain element is applied to avoid volumetric locking, which often occurs in conventional NMM-DDA. The proposed method is applied to three fundamental boundary value problems: a beam bending problem, a bearing capacity problem of a footing, and a bearing capacity problem of a masonry structure. The method is verified through comparisons with conventional solutions.     

Performance of mixed and enhanced finite elements for strain localization in hypoplasticity

Displacement and mixed finite element formulations of shear localization in materials are presented. The formulations are based on hypoplastic constitutive laws for soils and the mixed enhanced treatment involving displacement, strain and stress rates as independently varied fields. Included in these formulations are the standard displacement method, the three‐field mixed formulation, the enhanced assumed strain method and the mixed enhanced strain method. Several numerical examples demonstrating the capability and performance of the different finite element formulations are presented. The numerical results are compared with available experimental data for Hostun RF sand and numerical results for Karlsruhe sand on biaxial tests. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The recognition of former melt flux through high‐strain zones

High‐strain zones are potential pathways of melt migration through the crust. However, the identification of melt‐present high‐strain deformation is commonly limited to cases where the interpreted volume of melt “frozen” within the high‐strain zone is high (>10%). In this contribution, we examine high‐strain zones in the Pembroke Granulite, an otherwise low‐strain outcrop of volcanic arc lower crust exposed in Fiordland, New Zealand. These high‐strain zones display compositional layering, flaser‐shaped mineral grains, and closely spaced foliation planes indicative of high‐strain deformation. Asymmetric leucosome surrounding peritectic garnet grains suggest deformation was synchronous with minor amounts of in situ partial melting. High‐strain zones lack typical mylonite microstructures and instead display typical equilibrium microstructures, such as straight grain boundaries, 120° triple junctions, and subhedral grain shapes. We identify five key microstructures indicative of the former presence of melt within the high‐strain zones: (a) small dihedral angles of interstitial phases; (b) elongate interstitial grains; (c) small aggregates of quartz grains with xenomorphic plagioclase grains connected in three dimensions; (d) fine‐grained, K‐feldspar bearing, multiphase aggregates with or without augite rims; and (e) mm‐ to cm‐scale felsic dykelets. Preservation of key microstructures indicates that deformation ceased as conditions crossed the solidus, breaking the positive feedback loop between deformation and the presence of melt. We propose that microstructures indicative of the former presence of melt, such as the five identified above, may be used as a tool for recognising rocks formed during melt‐present high‐strain deformation where low (<5%) volumes of leucosome are “frozen” within the high‐strain zone.     

The role of heterogeneous strain in the development and preservation of a polymetamorphic record in high-P granulites, western Canadian Shield

Mafic rocks in the Chipman domain of the Athabasca granulite terrane, western Canadian Shield, provide the first well‐documented record of two distinct high‐P granulite facies events in the same domain in this region. Textural relations and the results of petrological modelling (NCFMASHT system) of mafic granulites are interpreted in terms of a three‐stage tectonometamorphic history. Stage 1 involved development of the assemblage Grt + Cpx + Qtz ± Pl (M₁) from a primary Opx‐bearing igneous precursor at conditions of 1.3 GPa, 850–900 °C. Field and microstructural observations suggest that M₁ developed synchronously with an early S₁ gneissic fabric. Stage 2 is characterized by heterogeneous deformation (D₂) and synkinematic partial retrogression of the peak assemblage to an amphibole‐bearing assemblage (M₂). Stage 3 involved a third phase of deformation and a return to granulite facies conditions marked by the prograde breakdown of amphibole (Amph₂) to produce matrix garnet (Grt_3a) and the coronitic assemblage Cpx_3b + Opx_3b + Ilm_3b + Pl_3b (M_3b) at 1.0 GPa, 800–900 °C. M₁ and M_3b are correlated with 2.55 and 1.9 Ga metamorphic generations of zircon, respectively, which were dated in a separate study. Heterogeneous strain played a crucial role in both the development and preservation of these rare examples of multiple granulite facies events within single samples. Without this fortuitous set of circumstances, the apparent reaction history could have incorrectly led to an interpretation involving a single‐cycle high‐grade event. The detailed P–T–t–D history constructed for these rocks provides the best evidence to date that much of the east Lake Athabasca region experienced long‐term lower crustal residence from 2.55 to 1.9 Ga, and thus the region represents a rare window into the reactivation and ultimate stabilization processes of cratonic lithosphere.     

黏土中两种不同直径单桩水平循环加载模型试验与分析

为探讨海上风机在风、浪等水平往复循环荷载下大直径单桩基础的循环弱化特性,设计了稳定输出长期循环荷载的机械加载装置,开展了软黏土中长期水平循环荷载下海上风电大直径单桩基础和传统长桩基础的模型试验对比研究。根据API给出的骨干曲线和Masing二倍准则构建循环荷载下的p-y（荷载-位移）曲线,并借鉴前人工作,采用累积塑性应变描述软黏土的不排水抗剪强度弱化,提出了分析大周数水平循环荷载下单桩基础循环弱化的理论方法。该方法将循环荷载次数、幅值等外界条件与桩周土体的循环弱化特性建立联系,以适应海洋环境复杂多变的水平循环荷载形式。通过模型试验和理论研究认为,大直径单桩基础因刚度较大,在同样的水平力循环荷载条件下,其抵抗循环荷载的能力明显优于传统长桩。在海上风机大直径单桩的设计中采用基于黏土残余强度的循环后稳定水平承载力更为合理。