Heterogeneity of Parent Rocks and Its Constraints on Geochemical Criteria in Weathering Crusts of Carbonate Rocks

Owing to the low contents of their acid-insoluble components, carbonate rocks tend to decrease sharply in volume in association with the formation of weathering crust. The formation of a 1 m-thick weathering crust would usually consume more than ten meters to several tens of meters of thickness of parent rocks. The knowledge of how to identify the homogeneity of parent rocks is essential to understand the formation mechanism of weathering crust in karst regions, especially that of thick-layered red weathering crust. In this work the grain-size analyses have demonstrated that the three profiles studied are the residual weathering crust of carbonate rocks and further showed that there objectively exists the heterogeneity of parent rocks in the three studied weathering crusts. The heterogeneity of parent rocks can also be reflected m geochemical parameters of major elements, just as the characteristics of frequency plot of grain-size distribution. Conservative trace element ratios Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta are proven     

鄂尔多斯盆地下二叠统山西组2段低渗天然气 储层流动单元平面分布研究

储层非均质性是储层和油藏研究的核心内容。鄂尔多斯盆地下二叠统山西组2段低渗天然气储层非均质性严重,而储层流动单元分布是非均质性最直观体现。统计整理子洲气田一百多口井孔渗饱物性和储层数据,计算出流动带指数和储能系数,并据此给出主要目的层山-2-3(山西组2段第3砂组)流动单元平面分布,显示出流动单元顺河道方向呈带状,垂直于河道方向分块的特征,研究其机理表明,河道砂体的不同及河道中心与河道边缘砂体物性差异形成的平面非均质性,是流动单元分带的主要原因,主流动单元带位于主河道轴心和心滩,由1类和2类流动单元构成,物性好,以线性渗流为主,产量高;副流动单元带位于河道周围天然堤、决口扇和废弃河道沉积,物性差,呈现以启动压力梯度为特征的非线性渗流特征,产量低,而不同期三角洲幕式前积河道和局部辫状河道心滩发育造成层间非均质性,是纵向储层分块主控因素。并进一步用动态资料初步验证了流动单元划分的正确性。该研究成果为低渗致密气田区域储层非均质性量化研究给出了一个思路。     

宝坻断层的几何学与运动学特征:兼论燕山褶皱带与渤海湾盆地的构造关系

宝坻断层是渤海湾盆地西北缘的边界正断层,地处燕山褶皱带与渤海湾盆地耦合的关键部位。宝坻断层处在古亚洲构造域与太平洋构造域的交叠部位,经历了复杂的构造演化过程,其在中生代-新近纪的构造活动控制了武清凹陷的沉积和构造演化。宝坻断层整体走向近EW向,延伸长度约68km,最大位移达14. 2km,滑脱面深度约10～15km。横向上其主体断面及滑脱面均存在较明显的分段性,通过3个垂向转折轴面可划分为4段。剖面上该断层大部分呈上陡下缓的犁式正断层特征,中段部分区域为"坡坪式"结构。宝坻断层整体位移在横向上的变化与其几何学上的分段有着较好的相关性,表明其现今多次转折的结构与其生长过程密切相关。古近系底面、东营组底面及新近纪底面位移-距离曲线特征表明,沙河街组沉积期,各个断层在相对独立发育后,因横向生长而逐渐发生硬连接,至东营组沉积期之前形成整体断面,其活动于新近纪逐渐减弱,所控断陷规模萎缩。中生代以来,武清凹陷-燕山褶皱带主要受三叠纪、早中侏罗世、中晚侏罗世、白垩纪、古近纪和新近纪-第四纪6个构造演化阶段的影响,其中,三叠纪-侏罗纪末期,武清凹陷与燕山褶皱带经历了相似的构造演化过程,而自白垩纪以来,两者的构造-沉积响应出现了明显的分异。因此对宝坻断层及武清凹陷的构造解析对厘定燕山构造带陆内变形的时空范围及其与渤海湾盆地的耦合关系有着重要意义。     

南盘江盆地晚二叠世-早三叠世三叉裂谷系统的厘定

南盘江盆地因其特殊的大地构造背景,历来是国内外学者关注的焦点,在晚海西-印支期经历了复杂的构造演化过程,在地层中留下了丰富的可直接反映沉积盆地形成、演化和岩石圈动力特征的沉积作用、构造作用、岩浆活动和成矿作用过程的地质记录,成为探索古大陆边缘地质、认识和揭示环太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域关系的关键地区之一。"三叉"裂谷系统是指:在巨大的岩石圈穹窿上沿大致成120°交角的三支三叉裂谷系统的演化辐射状破裂发育形成的裂谷系。南盘江盆地三叉裂谷系统的北支为走向南北的乐运-乐园裂谷,另外两条是:其中向西的一条裂谷走向近东西向,经隆林县城南部向西逐渐转变为北东-南西向;向东的一条走向主要为南东-北西,主要沿田林-百色断裂向南东延伸。     

西准噶尔灰绿山西三岔沟金矿点的发现及地质意义

在新疆西准噶尔灰绿山西开展的地球化学剖面上,发现三岔沟金矿点。通过填图、钻探、槽探揭露,发现矿体随脉岩断续产出,品位0.10～13.1 g/t,深部延伸稳定。金矿石组合为黄铁矿、针铁矿、赤铁矿、磁铁矿、褐铁矿、自然金等中低温热液型矿石组合特征。金以自然金、碳酸盐包裹金、硫化物包裹金3种方式存在。将之与邻区金矿成矿特点进行对比,矿体产于泥盆系中酸性脉岩之中,具构造控矿和脉岩控矿双重控矿性。     

鲕粒白云岩内部溶蚀及孔隙非均质性演化研究

在地表和埋藏条件下溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙是碳酸盐岩油气储层重要的储集空间。为探究孔隙的溶蚀改造机理及其控制因素,通过柱塞样,开展了0.2%的乙酸环境中鲕粒白云岩的溶蚀实验,实验温度和压力范围分别为40~160 ℃和10~50 MPa。实验采取连续取样获得溶液中Ca²⁺与Mg²⁺离子含量,通过CT 成像技术获取溶蚀反应前后孔隙图像并运用分形与多重分形方法定量分析孔隙在二维和三维空间上的非均质性。研究表明,溶蚀过程中,鲕粒白云岩溶蚀液中[Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺]浓度在实验开始时最低,之后稳步上升并在120 ℃、40 MPa时达到最大值,而后缓慢下降,溶蚀窗范围出现在70 ℃(20 MPa)~120 ℃(40 MPa)之间。二维和三维微观孔隙结构在空间上的分布具有显著的多重分形特征,溶蚀作用使得孔隙的不规则性减少、孔隙的奇异范围缩减。这些结果对于认识近地表和深埋藏条件下溶蚀作用对碳酸盐岩储层孔隙的改造强度及孔隙的动态演化规律具有重要的理论及实际意义。     

High‐precision Determination of Gold Mass Fractions in Geological Reference Materials by Internal Standardisation

Determination of gold abundances in natural rock is critical for applications, but very challenging. Here, we report a method for determining gold with a very low mass fraction (> 0.01 ng g^?1) in rocks. The method involves Carius tube digestion with reverse aqua regia, chromatographic separation to remove most of the sample matrix and measurement by high‐sensitivity ICP‐MS. The mono‐isotopic element gold was quantified by external calibration using an internal standardisation of gold to platinum that was precisely determined by isotope dilution. The method is robust and the obtained results are indistinguishable (< 5–10%, 2s) from those independently obtained by a standard addition technique on the same solution. The results from reference materials TDB‐1 and GPt‐2 are consistent with the certified values and those determined by HF‐aqua regia digestion, confirming the validity of the method. TDB‐1 (n = 20), GPt‐2 (n = 6), BHVO‐2 (n = 9) and other mafic RMs are homogenous for gold (10–20%, 2s) at the 2 g test portion level; however, sample heterogeneity affects some RMs. Gold and platinum‐group elements also display different extents of sample heterogeneity for different RMs. Given the homogeneity observed for TDB‐1, GPt‐2 and BHOV‐2, they are recommended as well‐suited RMs for inter‐laboratory comparison studies of gold.     

滇中新生代盆地形成构造机制及类型

走滑、推覆和旋转是滇中新生代陆内变形构造的基本方式,是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞所致。从滇中构造运动特征分析湖、盆形成的构造机制,将构造作用分为四种:走滑、旋转、走滑旋转复合和走滑推覆复合,并将盆地划分为六种类型。     

Engineering characteristics and environmental impacts of the expansive Ankara Clay,and swelling maps for SW and central parts of the Ankara (Turkey) metropolitan area

Volume-changing clay soils constitute the most costly natural hazard to buildings on shallow foundations. With the existing expansive clays in Ankara, low-rise buildings at the southwest part of the city have shown damage resulting in considerable maintenance costs. This paper reports the findings of an experimental investigation emphasizing the swelling behavior of Ankara Clay and correlations between the swelling parameters and other soil properties, and present a synthesis of observed damage details. The poor performance of the affected light-weight structures is assessed in the light of environmental conditions. In addition, swelling maps for SW and central parts of the Ankara metropolitan area, based on measured and predicted swelling parameters, are constructed for the purposes of land-use planning and general assessment of environmental problems. The experimental results suggest that the clay has high-to-very high activity, depth of active zone generally ranges between 1–2 m, the use of remolded and desiccated specimens seems to be a better approach in swelling tests, and the empirical equations based on two or more index or physical properties are good predictors for the estimation of the swelling potential of the clay. High swelling pressures exerted by the soil, flat topography and poor drainage, climatic conditions and poor construction methods are the main reasons of the structural damage observed at the study site.     

江汉盆地反转构造地球物理特征及盆地演化

江汉盆地自加里工至印支期接受肫一套较为稳定的台地相为主的碳酸直岩沉积，侏罗纪末至燕山早－中期经受区域挤压，发生褶皱和逆冲；燕山晚期至喜马拉雅早－中 生伸展作用，形成负反转构造；随后分地进入坳隐期，沉积了广华寺组和平原组，期间发生过局部的褶皱隆升，形成正反转构造。