Low Mantle Perovskite: Solid Solution,Spin State of Iron and Water Solubility

Silicate perovskites((Mg, Fe)SiO 3 and CaS iO 3) are believed to be the major constituent minerals in the lower mantle. The phase relation, solid solution, spin state of iron and water solubility related to the lower mantle perovskite are of great effect on the geodynamics of the Earth's interior and on ore mineralization. Previous studies indicate that a large amount of iron coupled with aluminum can incorporate into magnesium perovskite, but this is discordant with the disproportionation of(Mg,Fe)SiO 3 perovskite into iron-free MgS i O3 perovskite and hexagonal phase(Mg0.6Fe0.4)SiO 3 in the Earth's lower mantle. MnS iO 3 is the first chemical component confirmed to form wide range solid solution with Ca SiO 3 perovskite and complete solid solution with MgS i O3 perovskite at the P-T conditions in the lower mantle, and addition of Mn Si O3 will strongly affects the mutual solubility between Mg Si O3 and CaS iO 3. The spin state of iron is deeply depends on the site occupation of the Fe3+or Fe2+, the synthesis and the annealing conditions of the sample. It seems that the spin state of Fe2+ in the lower mantle perovskite can be settled as high spin, however, the existence of intermediate spin or low spin state of Fe2+ in perovskite has not been clarified. Moreover, different results have also been reported for the spin state of Fe3+ in perovskite. The water solubility of the lower mantle perovskite is related with its composition. In pure Mg SiO 3 perovskite, only less than 500 ppm water was reported. Al–Mg Si O3 perovskite or Al–Fe–MgS iO 3 perovskite in the lower mantle accommodates water of 1100 to 1800 ppm. Further experiments are necessary to clarify the detailed conditions for perovskite solid solution, to reliably analyze the valence and spin states of iron in the coexisting iron-bearing phases, and to compare the water solubility of different phases at different layers for deeply understanding the geodynamics of the Earth's interior and ore mineralization.     

风成红黏土序列磁化率各向异性特征对区域应力变化的响应

对六盘山以西132 m水洛红黏土剖面磁化率各向异性特征的研究表明,水洛红黏土剖面记录的14.8~8.7 Ma沉积序列受到了同沉积时期不同程度的应力作用,磁化率各向异性变化特征对应于应力作用强度较弱的初期和应力作用强度有所加强的中期。进一步分析发现,14.8~11.0 Ma之间显示出3次应力增强和后续应力减弱交替变化的特点,这一应力作用事件可能与青藏高原东北缘在此阶段强烈构造活动的区域应力传递相关,而11.0~8.7 Ma期间存在一个相对较强的应力作用事件,可能是对局部地区应力增强事件的响应。     

Terminal Pleistocene change in mammal communities in southeastern Washington State,USA

Small mammal communities in western North America experienced declines in taxonomic richness across the late Pleistocene to Holocene transition (PHT), a recent natural global warming event. One community also experienced a decline in evenness and others replaced one species with a congener. Variability in response of small mammal communities to PHT warming is apparent. At the presently arid and xeric Marmes site in the Columbia Basin of southeastern Washington State, megafauna were absent by about 13,000 cal yr BP, evenness of small mammals declined about 11,700 cal yr BP and again about 11,400 cal yr BP whereas richness declined about 11,400 cal BP. Regional faunal turnover was, however, minimal among small-bodied taxa. Local mammal communities are depauperate as a result of megafaunal extinctions and subsequent decreases in small-mammal richness and evenness. The latter chronologically corresponds with a decrease in primary productivity driven by increasing warmth and aridity. More faunas must be studied in order to fully document the range of variability in the responses of mammalian communities to PHT warming. Documentation of patterns in those responses will facilitate understanding and enhance predictive accuracy with respect to responses of mammalian communities to modern global warming.     

Testing and modeling of the state-dependent behaviors of rockfill material

Dense Tacheng rockfill material (TRM) exhibits strain softening and dilation during drained triaxial tests, and therefore, an adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation was proposed for TRM. This equation incorporates an internal state index related to the density and pressure, as well as the coefficient of particle breakage and rotation. The adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation indicates that the relationship between stress and dilatancy is not constant, but varies with density and pressure. This result is in agreement with TRM test data. A state-dependent model was established for TRM using generalized plasticity theory combined with the adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation. The model includes twelve constants calibrated using TRM test data from Group A, and this model was used to predict the strain softening and dilatancy behaviors of dense TRM. Furthermore, the model predictions were validated using test data from Group B. In summary, the model accurately represented the stress–strain and dilatancy behaviors of TRM over a wide range of densities and pressures.     

桐柏-大别南缘殷店-马垅韧性剪切带的变形及年代学分析

殷店-马垅（简称殷马）韧性剪切带是桐柏-大别造山带南缘的一条重要的边界断裂,对其精细的构造变形研究将有助于进一步认识桐柏-大别造山带的演化方式和过程。本文主要对殷店和马垅两个地区进行了详细的剖面观测,利用有限应变测量,计算出殷马剪切带中岩石应变椭球长短轴的平均轴率为1.69,靠近剪切带的岩石应变量大,向北远离剪切带,应变量减小;通过构造应力场分析查明剪切带的古应力状态,最大压应力σ₁为北北东-南南西向,对应最大拉应力σ₃为北西西-南东东向。岩石的有限应变分析和应力场状态,反映出板块间的碰撞挤压作用力在平行剪切带和垂直剪切带方向上存在应力分解。剪切带内糜棱岩中的锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,其年龄为172～137 Ma,据此得出殷马剪切活动时代主要为中侏罗世-早白垩世。     

基于环境控制的深基坑工程管井回灌设计分析

为探讨管井回灌在深基坑工程中的设计及应用,分析了基于环境控制的深基坑工程管井回灌设计的特殊性,开展了悬挂式帷幕下不同回灌滤管类型的降水回灌渗流分析及对比,探讨了影响回灌管井平面布设以及管井滤管设计的关键因素,同时针对深基坑工程回灌的特殊性,提出了“双点位流态”控制设计原则、回扬控制措施的确定方法以及回灌水质应满足的3项原则。     

降雨径流汇入背景下受纳水体可溶态Ni和As的动态变化

选取降雨丰沛、降雨径流突出的热带海岛城市海口美舍河市区河段,使用室内分析与野外采样结合的方法开展降雨径流汇入后受纳水体可溶态Ni和As的动态变化研究。结果表明：降雨径流的汇入直接对受纳水体中Ni和As的固液分配产生干扰,且其对受纳水体Ni和As的输入贡献主要依赖悬浮态,可溶态Ni和As输入相对较弱。具体表现为：降雨径流汇入前受纳水体可溶态Ni和As占总质量浓度的比例分别达到55.67%和94.77%。降雨径流汇入后,受纳水体Ni和As发生一系列动态变化,排水口处可溶态Ni和As占比分别达总质量浓度的20.97%和76.92%,可溶态占比明显下降,变化较为剧烈;排水口下游可溶态Ni和As占比也均下降,分别为47.23%和88.38%。对不同降雨情境下的数据分析发现：当降雨量≤10 mm时,雨前干燥期长短是受纳水体可溶态Ni和As动态变化的主要影响因素;当降雨量在10~30 mm时,雨前干燥期长短、雨强峰值出现时间及其大小是受纳水体可溶态Ni和As对降雨径流响应时间及响应程度的主要影响因素;当降雨量≥30 mm时,雨强峰值出现时间是受纳水体可溶态Ni和As动态变化的主要影响因素。降雨径流对受纳水体可溶态Ni和As的影响存在差异,当干燥期短、且存在最大雨强值过高现象时,受纳水体可溶态As受降雨径流影响小,而可溶态Ni受降雨径流影响明显。     

The role of non-nation-state actors and side events in the international climate negotiations

United Nations climate change conferences have attracted an increasing number and range of observer participants, often outnumbering national delegates. The interactions between the formal and informal spaces of climate governance at the Conference of the Parties (COP) are explored by investigating why non-nation state actors (NNSAs) attend them and by measuring to what extent official UN Side Events provide relevant information for the formal negotiations. Based on primary empirical research at recent COPs, it is found that 60–75% of Side Events have related directly to items under negotiation in the post-2012 climate negotiations. In this regard, Side Events that facilitate informal exchange between stakeholders not only provide input into the negotiations but also allow issues beyond the realm of the negotiations to be discussed, reflecting the scope of climate change. Although Side Events are an effective forum to exchange ideas and network, their current format and purpose as being events ‘on the side’ does not offer a sufficient framework for coordination between the work of NNSAs and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process.     

热带大气ISO在几种再分析资料中的对比分析

利用NCEP/NCAR, NCEP/DOE和ERA40 3套再分析资料的逐日200 hPa纬向风数据,选取1961—1990年、1971—2000年和1981—2010年3种不同气候态,对比分析了3种气候态下热带大气季节内振荡 (ISO) 的基本气候特征及其在不同再分析资料中的异同。研究表明:1981—2010年气候态下,热带大气ISO冬春强、夏秋弱的年循环特征更加明显,东传短波能量增强,起始北传时间偏晚。NCEP/NCAR与NCEP/DOE资料所表征的热带大气ISO在空间分布、强度和能量传播方面的一致性较好。NCEP/NCAR资料反映的热带大气ISO强度在热带印度洋和热带西太平洋地区较ERA40资料偏弱,在赤道东太平洋地区较ERA40资料偏强;ERA40资料反映的热带大气ISO强度在12月—次年3月中旬较NCEP/NCAR资料偏强,而在3月中旬—11月偏弱;ERA40资料反映的热带大气ISO振荡位相较NCEP/NCAR资料超前10 d左右;NCEP/NCAR资料反映的东传谱能量弱于ERA40资料,西传能量强于ERA40资料;7月中旬,NCEP/NCAR资料反映的东亚地区大气ISO经向北传较ERA40资料偏晚。     

新、旧气候态差异及对中国地区气候和极端事件评估业务的影响

利用1961—2020年中国区域2089个地面观测站资料,分析了1991—2020年和1981—2010年新、旧气候态下,平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等变量的空间变化特征,探讨对气候距平值、极端事件等评估结果的影响。结果表明：新气候态下,全国三类气温年和季节平均均一致升高,年降水增加,空间上气温偏高（低）、降水偏多（少）的特征将弱（强）化;华北东部、华东中部和北部以及青海西南部的年平均风速和日照时数距平增加;极端高温年减少,低温年增多,其中平均气温和最低气温受到的影响较最高气温更大;夏季南北方两条雨带极端强降水年的发生概率降低,冬季东北中部和南部、华北、华东北部、西北东部极端弱降水年概率显著增加;全国超过一半的站点极端日高温、低温和强降水事件的历史频次发生改变;新气候态还减弱了极端日高温事件的增速,加快了极端日低温事件的降速。