南大洋表层海水酸化研究进展

海洋酸化是全球变化的一个关注点,南大洋CO2吸收量占海洋对人为CO2的吸收量的30%—40%,同时,南大洋是缓冲能力较低、生态系统脆弱的高纬海域,所以,理解南大洋海水酸化过程及其控制因素就显得尤为重要。海水酸化引起海水中碳酸根离子(CO2-3)的浓度、碳酸钙饱和度(Ω)降低,这对成钙类生物碳酸钙(包括文石和方解石)的形成有害,最终可能对生态系统造成危害。了解海洋酸化的影响、预测酸化对海水碳酸盐体系和生态系统的影响具有重要意义。因此,本文对目前南大洋的开阔大洋区以及两个具有代表性的边缘海和海湾的酸化研究概况进行了梳理,试图对南大洋表层海水酸化的研究进行概述、展望未来南大洋海洋酸化研究趋势并提出一些亟须解决的问题。     

由多个小震推断的青甘和川滇地区地壳应力场的方向特征

本文根据1975—1984年期间发生的多个小地震的P波初动方向数据,推断了青、甘、川、滇地区平均主应力轴的方向。结果表明,该地区压应力轴（P轴）和张应力轴（T轴）方向皆水平,但其方位由北到南呈现规则转动的趋势,即主压应力轴在北部青甘地区大致取NE—SW方向,到中部川西北地区转为近E—W方向,再到南部云南地区转为NNW—SSE或近N—S方向。形成应力轴方向这样特定分布图象的原因,可用印度板块向北对青藏高原的推挤和缅甸中源地震带地区下沉物质对云南地区的拖曳作用来解释。     

Importance of diffuse nutrient loading and lake level changes to the eutrophication of an originally oligotrophic boreal lake: a palaeolimnological diatom and chironomid analysis

The recent environmental history of Lake Lappajärvi in western Finland (63°00 N, 23°30 E, area 149 km²), a humic, brown water lake with an average phosphorus content of ca. 20 g l^–1, was studied from short core sediment samples taken from the two main basins of the lake. Based on the stratigraphy of diatoms and chironomids and the sediment quality it was possible to distinguish four developmental stages during the past century: (1) a pre-industrial stage covering the time up to about 1935; (2) a stage of increasing nutrient loading (ca. 1936–1960); (3) a stage of pronounced erosion from lake level regulation and extensive ditching of the catchment area (ca. 1960–1970); and (4) a meso-eutrophic stage from ca. 1970 onwards.Acidophilous Aulacoseira distans coll. and other species typical of dystrophic, nutrient-poor lakes characterized the diatom assemblages during the first stage, and the profundal zoobenthic assemblages, characterized by Heterotrissocladius subpilosus and Micropsectra, indicated good hypolimnetic oxygen conditions and a low sedimentation of organic matter (approx. less than 50 g m^–2 a^–1). The increased loading rapidly led to changes both in diatoms and chironomids (e.g., to an early extinction of H. subpilosus in the 1950s). The process finally led to eutrophication with a successive proliferation of diatom species such as Asterionella formosa followed by Aulacoseira ambigua, Fragilaria crotonensis, and finally Melosira varians. The relative proportion of alkaliphilous species reached a maximum in the final stage and the original profundal chironomid fauna was replaced by Chironomus anthracinus gr. and C. plumosus which are typical of profundal areas suffering from temporal oxygen deficit. It is notable that the considerable decrease in waste water loading from the point sources (80–86% ) during the past two decades has not led to a recovery in the lake. This highlights the importance of diffuse loading from agriculture, forestry and other human activities even to this comparatively large lake.     

Crustal stress in Iceland

Hydrofracturing stress measurements have been carried out to about 0.4 km in two boreholes in Quaternary volcanic rocks in Reykjavik, Iceland, on the flank of the Reykjanes-Langjökull continuation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The measurements indicate a dominant orientation of _{H max} approximately perpendicular to the axial rift zone, in contrast to earthquake focal mechanism solutions from within the axial rift zone of the Reykjanes Peninsula. In one hole (H32) a depth-dependent change in stress orientation is indicated, with ₁ horizontal above a depth of about 0.25 km, and vertical below it; however the orientation of _{H max} remains unchanged. The data thus suggest reconciliation of an apparent conflict between the dominantly compressive indications of shallow overcoring stress measurements and dominant extension as required by focal mechanism solutions. The measured stresses are supported by the more reliable of overcoring measurements from southeast Iceland, and by recent focal mechanism solutions for the intraplate Borgarfjördur area. A fundamental change in crustal stresses appears therefore to occur as a function of distance from the axis of the axial rift zone. The data seem reasonably explicable in terms of a combination of thermoelastic mechanisms associated with accretion and cooling of spreading lithosphere plates. Stresses directly associated with the driving mechanisms of plate tectonics apparently do not dominate the observed stress pattern.     

2021年5月21日青海玛多MW7.4地震及余震序列应力降时空分布与孕震环境

2021年5月21日发生在青藏高原巴颜喀拉块体内部的玛多M_W7.4地震是继2008年M_W7.9汶川地震之后在中国陆区发生的最大地震.由于玛多地震发生在板块内部滑移速率较缓慢的次级断裂上,该地震成为研究巴颜喀拉块体内部地震危险性的典型震例.通过计算2021年玛多地震序列中震级大于2.5的地震应力降,我们调查了该地震序列应力释放的时空演化规律.首先,利用已有的青藏高原及其周边地区宽频带Lg波衰减模型,对玛多地震序列产生的地震Lg波观测数据进行了传播路径衰减校正,获得119个地震事件的Lg波震源谱;然后,通过将理论震源函数与观测数据拟合,获得对Lg波标量地震矩、拐角频率和高频下降率的估计;最后,根据标量地震矩和拐角频率计算了2021年玛多地震序列的应力降.结果表明,2021年5月21日玛多地震主震应力降为22 MPa,余震序列的应力降分布范围为0.08~7.5 MPa、中位数为0.39 MPa,平均值为0.88 MPa.应力降与震级具有较强的正相关关系,说明该地区的地震活动可能并不遵从地震自相似理论.换言之,大小地震具有不同的破裂动力学性质.玛多地震序列应力降变化反映了断层面上的应力释放过程具有强烈的非均质性.主震发生之后余震应力降显著降低,但其间仍夹杂着少数具有较高应力降的事件.这些高应力降事件所在区域与主震后破裂面上的闭锁和应力集中区域相对应.

     

Escaping the Territorially Trapped East Asian Developmental State Thesis

Using a multiscalar approach, there has been a recent increase in geographic critiques of the East Asian developmental state thesis (DST). These critiques argue that the existing DST literature is epistemologically caught in a territorial trap. There has been less concern, however, about the methodology related to this research. In this article, I suggest that scholars consider not only the epistemological perspective but also the methodological dimension to effectively exploit the less territorially trapped DST research. Based on these analyses, this article emphasizes that interdisciplinary research using a multiscalar methodology and epistemology is required to better explain economic development in East Asia.     

基于REST的MODIS数据服务方法

采用了．net平台下的WCF技术,设计了基于REST的MODIS数据服务的系统架构,实现了对MODIS数据的详细查询浏览和简单处理服务。     

三维GIS平台复杂工况下的电气校验

针对传统输电线路设计过程中校验过程困难、精度低的问题,基于三维GIS平台设计了三维电气校验模块,利用悬链线理论、空间坐标转换、状态方程等计算方法实现了不同的工况条件下对"导线对地距离""导地线间距离""导线对地物距离""极限档距"及"安全间隙"的校验,校验算法的准确性通过了设计院的校核。通过多个工程的试用表明,该方法不仅提高设计人员的工作效率,而且可以提高电气校验的精度,研究结果对输电线路数字化设计过程中电气校验具有一定的参考价值。     

Device-free human micro-activity recognition method using WiFi signals

ABSTRACT

Human activity tracking plays a vital role in human–computer interaction. Traditional human activity recognition (HAR) methods adopt special devices, such as cameras and sensors, to track both macro- and micro-activities. Recently, wireless signals have been exploited to track human motion and activities in indoor environments without additional equipment. This study proposes a device-free WiFi-based micro-activity recognition method that leverages the channel state information (CSI) of wireless signals. Different from existed CSI-based micro-activity recognition methods, the proposed method extracts both amplitude and phase information from CSI, thereby providing more information and increasing detection accuracy. The proposed method harnesses an effective signal processing technique to reveal the unique patterns of each activity. We applied a machine learning algorithm to recognize the proposed micro-activities. The proposed method has been evaluated in both line of sight (LOS) and none line of sight (NLOS) scenarios, and the empirical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with several users.     

按分量加权的探测目标状态线性融合

给出了一种在使残差方差矩阵的迹最小化意义下的状态估计线性组合的最优融合准则和加权矩阵的计算公式,并给出了利用实际数据计算的试验结果。结果表明,利用本方法使融合后的目标轨迹与目标真实运动轨迹非常接近,能有效地提高雷达情报的综合质量