不同营养状态下附生藻类对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)叶片光合机能的影响

以沉水植物--菹草为对象,实验室模拟水下弱光(100±10μmole/(m2·s)环境,进行附生藻类(生物控制和无生物控制)和营养(中营养、富营养和超富营养)双因子正交实验,探讨富营养水体附生藻类暴发对沉水植物叶片光合机能的影响.结果表明,水体营养水平提高促使菹草叶片附生藻类大量繁殖,富营养条件(TN:1mg/L;TP:0.1mg/L)下附生藻类在菹草叶片的增殖速率(Chl.a)达到0.16μg/(cm2·d),日本沼虾 耳萝卜螺的生物控制模式能有效控制菹草叶片上附生藻类的生物量.水下原位叶绿素荧光参数观测表明,42 d附生藻类引起菹草叶片光合机能下降,Chl.a密度下降25.2%,caro密度下降20.8%,PSII电子产率降低9.8%,电子传递速率(ETR)下降,光化学淬灭(qP)平均下降超过60%.研究表明,水体营养水平提高促进沉水植物叶片附生藻类增殖,导致菹草光合机能下降,营养盐的作用是间接的.     

三维坐标转换严密方法的研究及VB程序实现

传统的基于泰勒级数展开的线性模型转换方法仅适用于小角度的空间直角坐标转换,角度较大时产生误差较大,需要进行复杂的三角函数和迭代计算,增加了数据处理的难度。而基于Rodrigo矩阵的方法不需要复杂的三角函数计算和迭代计算,且计算速度快,易于程序实现。实验表明,采用Rodrigo矩阵是进行三维坐标转换的一种比较严密简便的方法。     

星载SAR水下地形和水深遥感的最佳雷达系统参数模拟

根据星载合成孔径雷达 (SAR)浅海水下地形和水深成像机理 ,建立了浅海水下地形和水深雷达后向散射截面仿真模型。该模型包括奈维 斯托克斯方程、谱作用量平衡方程和雷达后向散射模式。利用该模型仿真结果 ,探讨了不同波段 (P、L、C和X)、不同极化 (VV和HH)和不同入射角 (2 0°— 70°)的星载SAR测量浅海水下地形和水深的能力。研究结果表明 ,浅海水下地形和水深遥感的最佳波段为P波段 ,L波段次之 ,C波段比X波段要好一些。VV极化SAR的测量能力要强于HH极化。 2 0°— 40°是星载SAR测量浅海水下地形和水深的最佳入射角范围。     

基于遥感与地理信息系统支持下的地表植被特征参数反演

利用Sellers等对于不同植被类型在观测的基础上已经建立起来的光合作用有效辐射吸收系数(FPAR)或叶面积指数(LAI)与归一化标准植被指数(NDVI)的函数关系,以国家卫星气象中心接收稿日期的美国卫星NOAA-16的范围为(5～65°N,60～150°E、分辨率为1 km的NDVI资料为原始资料,根据2000年10月15日至2001年10月15日期间MODIS卫星遥感数据反演得到的IGBP分类系统1 km分辨率的土地覆被类型资料为辅助资料,对反演这一研究范围内的地表植被特征参数FPAR和LAI进行了有益的尝试,得到了比较好的结果,并成功地运用于集成沙尘天气数值预报系统中.     

Effects of Material Composition and Water Content on the Mechanical Properties of Landslide Deposits Triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake

Abundant landslide deposits were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, providing a rich source of material for subsequent debris flows or slope failures under rainfall conditions. A good understanding of the physical and mechanical properties of the landslide deposits is very important to the research on slope failure mechanisms and the initiation of debris flow. Laboratory biaxial compression tests are used to study the material compositions and water content impacts on the mechanical properties of landslide deposits, and a discrete element method (a bond-contact model) is used to study the particle stiffness, bond force, friction coefficient and confining stress impact on the mechanical behaviors and the relationships between the numerical and experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the failure stress of landslide deposits is decreased with increasing content of fine particles and also with increased water content, especially at the initial increasing stage. Cohesion of the saturated landslide deposits is increased, but the friction angle is decreased with the increase in the fine particle content. Shear strength parameters (the cohesion and friction angle) are decreased with the increasing water content at the initial increasing stage, and then, they slowly decrease. There is a critical value of the water content at 5%–7% (in weight) for the failure stress and shear strength parameters of the landslide deposits. Quadratic equations are presented to describe the relation between the bond force and cohesion, and the numerical friction coefficient and the experimental friction angle.     

三亚海岸演变与人工海滩设计研究*

三亚海岸位于海南岛南部,属弱潮海区,以来自开阔外海的偏南向风浪为海岸优势动力。三亚海岸经历了从基岩港湾海岸到岬角与港湾相间的海蚀-海积海岸的发育演化过程,沙坝(沙咀)发育始于中更新世初期,珊瑚礁发育始于8kaB.P. ,目前海岸总体处于相对平衡发展阶段。对三亚地区海岸地貌、动力及泥沙运动的调查研究,总结三亚湾及其周边不同类型海滩的特点,提取其海滩参数。依据处于不同发展时期的自然海滩形成演变的条件和规律,设计建构三亚白排人工海滩的关键参数。设计海滩总长度约400m,宽度\{40~\}50m,坡度4.5°~5.0°,相对高度约2m,填砂M_为0.5,以粒径1.0~\}0.5mm的粗砂为主,总填砂量48000m³。从滩面物质和滩面坡度两个关键方面,利用代表性的数学模型,检验了设计海滩的稳定性。本项研究旨在服务白排人工海滩建设,研究方法对海滩侵蚀防护与同类海岸工程建设等具有参考价值。     

雷暴持续时间与地闪活动的预报方法研究

根据2007—2008年6—8月湖南地区地闪定位、天气背景及探空资料,利用天气学分型及数理统计等方法,对湖南夏季雷暴的天气背景、持续时间以及雷暴过程中地闪的活动进行分析,定义的地闪频数指数(Icgf)可以较好地区分地闪活动等级;利用逐步回归方法分别得到了雷暴持续时间及地闪频数指数的预报方程,且均通过的信度检验,并进一步提出了各地闪活动等级预报的诊断指标。     

Analysis of the Microphysical Properties of a Stratiform Rain Event Using an L-Band Profiler Radar

This paper investigates spatial and temporal distributions of the microphysical properties of precipitating stratiform clouds based on Doppler spectra of rain particles observed by an L-band profiler radar.The retrieval of raindrop size distributions（RSDs） is accomplished through eliminating vertical air motion and isolating the terminal fall velocity of raindrops in the observed Doppler velocity spectrum.The microphysical properties of raindrops in a broad stratiform region with weak convective cells are studied using data collected from a 1320-MHz wind profiler radar in Huayin,Shaanxi Province on 14 May 2009.RSDs and gamma function parameters are retrieved at altitudes between 700 and 3000 m above the surface,below a melting layer.It is found that the altitude of the maximum number of raindrops was closely related to the surface rain rate.The maximum number of large drops was observed at lower altitudes earlier in the precipitation event but at higher altitudes in later periods,suggesting decreases in the numbers of large and medium size raindrops.These decreases may have been caused by the breakup of larger drops and evaporation of smaller drops as they fell.The number of medium size drops decreased with increasing altitude.The relationship between reflectivity and liquid water content during this precipitation event was Z = 1.69×10~4M~（1.5）,and the relationship between reflectivity and rain intensity was Z = 256I~（1.4）.     

Local Log-Law-of-the-Wall in Neutrally-Stratified Boundary-Layer Flows

It is well known that in a neutrally-stratified turbulent flow in a deep constant-stress layer above a flat surface,the horizontal mean velocity varies logarithmically with height (the so-called `log-law-of-the-wall').More recently, the same logarithmic law has also been foundin the presence of non-flat surfaces, where it governs thedynamics of the areally-averagedvelocity and involves renormalized effective parameters.Here, we analyze wind profiles over two-dimensional sinusoidal hillsobtained both from numerical simulations performed with a primitiveequation model and from wind-tunnel measurements. We showthat also the local velocity profiles behave to a verygood approximation logarithmically, for a distance from the surface of the order of the maximum hill height almost to the top of the boundary layer. Such alocal log-law-of-the-wall involves effective parameters smoothly depending on theposition along the underlying topography.This dependence looks very similar to the topography itself.     

北京地区严重污染物状况下的大气边界层结构与参数研究

利用北京３２５ ｍ 铁塔资料对出现在１９９８ 年９ 月２６～３０ 日的一次严重污染过程的边界层结构和决定大气污染物扩散稀释的边界层参数作了分析和研究。分析发现, 这段时间边界层稳定层结占绝大多数, 白天在近地面的不稳定层结上还时有逆温盖, 另外在此期间风速较小。利用此资料还得到了北京严重污染状况下决定边界层湍流的一套基本物理参数