公路岩质边坡后缘张裂缝发生位置的预测方法

合理预测岩质边坡后缘张裂缝位置,对于边坡变形监测、滑坡治理具有积极作用。依据能量法原理为理论基础,建立了岩质边坡后缘张裂缝的预测模型。通过强度折减法,推导得到了预测岩质边坡后缘张裂缝位置与能量法安全系数的函数关系。在典型算例分析计算基础上,得出了后缘张裂缝发生位置距坡肩一定距离的结论,并验证了该方法的正确性。     

地震三维矢量反射波场

三分量反射地震的本质是三维矢量反射波场.与应力有关的岩体内部细结构是导致三维矢量反射波场的普遍原因.本文讨论三维矢量反射波场所涉及的理论方法、数据处理、观测解释及介质信息提取等问题,总体格架是通过我国自主创新发展从原构造成像提升到构造-岩体内部细结构的复合成像.     

CPO-induced seismic anisotropy in UHP eclogites

Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogites often show strong plastic deformation and anisotropy of seismic properties. We report in this paper the seismic velocity and anisotropy of eclogite calculated from the crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) of constituent minerals (garnet, omphacite, quartz and rutile) and single crystal elastic properties. We also compared the calculated results with the measured results in similar eclogites. Our results suggest that (1) Except that garnet is a seismically quasi-isotropic mineral, omphacite, quartz, coesite and rutile all have strong seismic anisotropies (AVp = 23.0%―40.9%, Max. AVs = 18.5%―47.1%). They are the major sources for anisotropy in eclogite. The average seismic velocities are fast in garnet and rutile, moderate in omphacite and coesite, and slow in quartz. (2) The deformed eclogites have the maximum Vp (8.33―8.75 km/s) approximately parallel to foliation and lineation, the minimum Vp (8.25―8.62 km/s) approximately normal to foliation and lineation and the Vp anisotropies of 1.0―1.7%. Their Vs are 4.93―4.97 km/s. The corresponding maximum anisotropies (0.73%―1.78%) of Vs are at 45° to both foliation and lineation and the minimum anisotropies at positions normal to lineation on the foliation plane. The Vs1 polarization planes are approximately parallel to foliation. The mean Vp and Vs of eclogite under UHP peak metamorphism conditions (P = 3―5 GPa, T = 900―1100℃) are estimated to be 3.4%―7.2% and 6.3%―12.1% higher than those at ambient pressure and temperature conditions, respectively. (3) Omphacite component dominates the anisotropy of eclogite while garnet component reduces the anisotropy and increases the seismic velocities. Quartz component has a small effect on the anisotropy but reduces the seismic velocities of eclogite. The effect of rutile component is negligible on seismic properties of eclogite due to its trivial volume fraction. (4) The increase of volume fraction of omphacite in eclogite will reduce the seismic velocities and increase the anisotropy. Omphacitite has seismic velocities reduced by 6%―8% and anisotropies increased to 3%―4% compared to those of garnetite. Our results suggest that the seismic properties calculated with single crystal elastic properties and CPOs are equivalent to those measured in laboratory. Moreover, it provides insights into the mineral physical interpretations of eclogite seismic properties.     

磁铁矿的低温磁学性质研究进展

磁铁矿(Fe3O4)是自然界沉积物和岩石天然剩磁的最主要载磁矿物.本文主要评述低温条件下(2\|300K)磁铁矿的晶体结构特征、Verwey相变以及磁晶各向异性等,重点介绍了两种重要的剩磁随温度变化曲线.最后简单地介绍磁铁矿的低温磁学研究在地学中的应用以及氧化和超顺磁效应对低温磁学性质的影响.     

采用剪切波分裂方向约束的板块绝对运动模型研究

板块绝对运动（即岩石圈板块相对于深部地幔的运动）导致软流圈深度存在较强的剪切作用,为软流圈呈现较强的地震波速各向异性提供了一种物理解释.相应地,软流圈地震各向异性的实测数据为反演板块绝对运动提供了一种定量的约束.本文利用前人发表的由474个剪切波分裂数据组成的全球软流圈地震各向异性方向数据集,结合板块相对运动模型MORVEL,通过加权最小二乘法反演板块绝对运动.计算结果表明,由实测数据约束的板块绝对运动模型不能将观测数据拟合到原始数据测量误差要求的统计水平上,反映出以地震各向异性方向指示板块绝对运动方向存在原始数据测量误差之外的系统性误差.该误差或可归因于板块绝对运动控制软流圈地震各向异性的物理机制复杂性以及小尺度地幔流动的区域复杂性.因此,地震各向异性方向只能从统计平均的意义上约束板块绝对运动方向,两者间的差别除了测量误差外还应包含复杂物理成因的模型误差.在原始数据测量误差的基础上增加20°的模型误差并且剔除一个离群数据后,本文得到了最优拟合剪切波分裂数据集的SKS473模型,并与由热点数据反演得到的板块绝对运动模型进行对比.由于约束板块绝对运动的地震各向异性数据和热点数据都存在误差较大、地理分布不均的局限性,结合两类数据的联合反演或可成为未来建立更高精度板块绝对运动模型的有效途径.

     

Analysis and comparison of mixed finite element and multipoint flux approximation methods for homogeneous media

We consider discretization on quadrilateral grids of an elliptic operator occurring, for example, in the pressure equation for porous-media flow. In a realistic setting – with non-orthogonal grid, and anisotropic, heterogeneous permeability – special discretization techniques are required. Mixed finite element (MFE) and multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) are two methods that can handle such situations. Previously, a framework for analytical comparison of MFE and MPFA in special cases has been suggested. A comparison of MFE and MPFA-O (one of two main variants of MPFA) for isotropic, homogeneous permeability on a uniformly distorted grid was also performed. In the current paper, we utilize the suggested framework in a slightly different manner to analyze and compare MFE, MPFA-O and MPFA-U (the second main variant of MPFA). We reconsider the case previously analyzed. We also consider the case of generally anisotropic, homogeneous permeability on an orthogonal grid.     

Thermal instability of gas hydrate bearing sediments: Some issues

The overall stability of marine strata holding gas hydrates is dependent on their shear strength characteristics. These characteristics, in turn, are dependent on thermal flux that is imposed for dissociation of the hydrates for the safe and efficient extraction of methane gas from the hydrate bearing sediments. Due to the imposition of thermal flux on these sediments, their fabric structure and pore space hydrate saturation changes, which impacts the overall stability of the sea bed. Estimating stability conditions in such a ‘multiphase and dynamic system’ necessitates collection of undisturbed samples without compromising their in-situ thermodynamic conditions. This is a daunting task given the huge cost of procuring samples and the challenge of maintaining an undisturbed sample with in-situ thermodynamic conditions till it is brought to the laboratory. Synthesizing hydrate bearing sample sediments in laboratory for conducting studies to identify heat migration mechanisms and thermal property measurements and linking them to the shear strength characteristics provides an affordable solution to this problem. With this in view, a critical review of the available literature, dealing with laboratory synthesis of hydrate bearing sediments, their thermal and strength characteristics, the coupled phenomenon of heat and fluid migration, and its impact on the overall stability of marine sediments, has been conducted and presented in this paper. This will facilitate understanding the factors governing and the mechanism of heat transfer in a multiphase system, the changes in the system brought about by the hydrate dissociation front, and the overall impact on the stability of seabed.     

基于WiFi与GPS组合定位算法的无缝定位方法研究

无线局域网络(WLAN)是一种全新的无线信号传输平台,该文在总结目前无缝定位与导航技术的研究现状、分析存在的问题和发展趋势的基础上,提出了联合GPS和无线局域网络的组合定位方法,以实现室内外的无缝定位与导航.同时,在深入研究卫星导航定位和无线传感器网络定位原理与算法基础上,针对定位环境的不同,提出了无缝定位的解决方案、转换机制和切换策略,并以WiFi网与GPS组合定位算法为例,进行了详细分析和深入讨论,所用算法可以实现无GPS、少于4颗可用卫星以及GDOP值不满足定位情况下的定位,与单独WiFi网络定位算法相比,该算法可以提高定位精度.     

SHIFTING SELF-CORRELATION METHOD INITIALY USED IN THE APPARENT RESISTIVITY OBSERVATION DATA

In this paper,we propose a method of seismic prediction using the geo-electric resistivity shifting self-correlation (SSC),and a numerical test is carried out using random time series analysis to verify the validity of the method.The SSC method is applied to the actual observation data of three geo-electric resistivity stations,and results are obtained as follows:(1) SSC coefficient changes in Ganzi and Shandan stations have good correspondence to earthquake,which is represented mainly by the phased increase of correlation coefficient appearing six months to a year before the earthquake.At the same time,the correlation coefficient anomalies of the two stations also exhibit strong anisotropy.(2) Although Chengdu geo-electric resistivity station had suffered serious disturbance,the correlation coefficient anomaly also has a good correspondence with earthquake.In addition to the validity of the SSC method,it may also be attributed to the magnitude of the earthquake event,the smaller distance of epicenter,and the time of the earthquake.Anisotropy also exists in the anomaly at Chengdu station.(3) By comparing the characteristics of different magnitudes of earthquakes,the results are obtained that,when the magnitude of the selected characteristic earthquake is relatively small,the amplitude of the anomaly before earthquake is different,but when the magnitude is larger,for example M_S ≥ 5.0,the impact on the results of this study is very limited.In addition,we briefly discussed the anisotropy of seismic geoelectrical resistivity anomalies and the selection of the characteristic earthquake.     

橄榄石集合体的简单剪切形变实验研究

本文利用高精度Paterson气体介质变形装置对富铁橄榄石集合体(Mg0.5,Fe0.5)2SiO4进行了高温简单剪切变形试验。试验在温度1473K和围压300MPa的条件下进行,差应力为64~153MPa, 应变率为10-5~10-3s-1。 一共进行了三组试验,试件的剪切变形量分别为89%, 131%和200%, 通过对变形后试件的反射光学显微结构分析,得到富铁橄榄石集合体动态重结晶的微观机制,由结晶各向异性分析给出晶格最优取向和波速各向异性的分布及随应变的增加而表现出的演化特征。