Assimilation of the FY-4A AGRI Clear-Sky Radiance Data in a Regional Numerical Model and Its Impact on the Forecast of the “21·7” Henan Extremely Persistent Heavy Rainfall

Assimilation of the Advanced Geostationary Radiance Imager(AGRI) clear-sky radiance in a regional model is performed. The forecasting effectiveness of the assimilation of two water vapor(WV) channels with conventional observations for the “21·7” Henan extremely heavy rainfall is analyzed and compared with a baseline test that assimilates only conventional observations in this study. The results show that the 24-h cumulative precipitation forecast by the assimilation experiment with the addition ...     

Antimony quartz and antimony–gold quartz veins from northern Portugal

Antimony- and Pb–Sb-quartz veins from the Bragança district, Portugal, are mainly hosted by Silurian phyllites. Antimony–Au-quartz veins from the Dúrico–Beirã region are mainly hosted by a Cambrian schist–metagraywacke complex, as well as Ordovician phyllites and quartzites. The deposits were mostly exploited in the late 19th Century. Mineralogical characteristics and chemical compositions of individual ore minerals are similar in the two areas. First and second generations of arsenopyrite precipitated at 390 and 300 °C, respectively. Berthierite and stibnite are the most abundant Sb-bearing minerals and precipitated between 225 and 128 °C, native antimony at < 200 °C. Drastic fluid cooling is the main cause of mineral precipitation. The Pb isotope compositions of stibnite suggest a homogeneous crustal source of lead, from the metasedimentary sequences, for Sb, Pb–Sb and Sb–Au deposits in both areas, which is consistent with the findings for comparable mineralizations elsewhere in Europe. Remobilization of Pb is related to Variscan metamorphism and deformation.     

CMIP5多模式对中国及各分区气温和降水时空特征的预估

利用7个参加耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)的全球气候模式模拟数据,在RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种排放情景下,从年、季、月尺度上对中国以及中国的7个区域的气温和降水进行未来情景预估分析。分析结果表明:2010~2099年,两种情景下中国的气温增加明显,并呈现出春弱秋冬(尤其是一、八、九、十一、十二月)强的特征,北部(N)、西北东部(ENW)、西北西部(WNW)、西藏(Tibet)的升温趋势高于其他地区。RCP8.5情景下的气温线性趋势值大部分都高于RCP4.5情景下的值。在RCP4.5情景下,2060~2099年东北部(NE)呈现降温。两种情景下,全国降水量也呈增加趋势,呈现由东南向西北递减的地理分布,并表现出冬弱春夏强的季节变化特征。西北西部(WNW)在全年降水偏少,春夏季黄河以北降水趋势较小,降水大值中心在长江以南地区,尤其是在五、六、七、八月份。秋季,在RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下SE降水线性趋势分别低于或等于全国平均水平,东北部(NE)、北部(N)、西北东部(ENW)的降水线性趋势略高。在2010~2039年,在RCP8.5情景下西南(SW)的降水减少。     

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长7致密油岩性岩相类型识别及其应用

利用岩心、薄片、常规测井、成像测井等资料结合物性分析等,对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长7致密油岩性岩相等特征进行了研究。长7致密油储层以砂质碎屑流、浊流和滑塌成因的砂岩为主,烃源岩以泥岩、油页岩为主,根据粒度参数进一步将长7致密油岩性岩相划分为砂质碎屑流细砂岩相、浊流细砂岩相、浊流粉砂岩相、滑塌岩相、半深湖—深湖泥岩相以及油页岩相6类。通过岩心刻度常规和成像测井,建立了不同岩性岩相的测井识别评价标准,并实现了各单井纵向上的岩性岩相的识别和划分。在此基础上,进一步探讨了不同岩性岩相与TOC含量和脆性指数的关系。最后结合试油气资料和油气解释结论,阐明岩性岩相对致密油储层物性和含油气性的定量控制。致密油岩性岩相的研究可为后期成岩相、孔隙结构以及优质储集体预测等奠定基础,为研究区长7致密油的综合评价和有利发育区带预测提供理论指导和技术支持。     

Azimuth dependent wave amplification in alluvial valleys

An extension of the indirect boundary element method (IBEM) to three-dimensional scattering by two-dimensional alluvial valleys is presented. While the valley is two-dimensional, the incident plane waves can arrive outside the 2D plane so the scattering is three-dimensional with coupling of P---SV---SH waves. Such a method makes it possible to take earthquake location into account in the estimation of site effects in alluvial valleys. The method is validated by transparency tests, by comparison with 2D simulations, and by comparison with results of other authors. The advantage of the method is that is combines high accuracy with cost-efficiency in terms of computer-time. It is applied to theoretically estimate site effects across a simplified model of an alluvial valley in the French Alps where azimuth dependence of local amplification has been observed. A parametric study with simulations for a range of azimuths and incidence angles shows that (1) the local amplification depends strongly on both azimuth and incidence of the incoming waves, (2) the global pattern of amplification across the valley is very complex for all azimuths, and (3) it is not possible to predict the 3D response of the valley from 2D modeling. Theoretical spectral ratios are in approximate agreement with observed ones for a station in the center of the valley where the local structure justifies use of a simplified model for the comparison.     

北太平洋卫星测高大地水准面异常

自1973年以来,NASA已发射了三颗与卫星测高有关的卫星,测高标准误差≥±10cm。已求得全球平均海水面高度图标准误差≤±1m。它的短波成分比卫星重力大地水准面的丰富得多。由于引入卫星测高资料,已把地球重力位系数从原来的22×22阶次提高到现在的180×180阶次,估计在卫星测高加密观测地区,可提高到720×720阶次。现在,卫星测高已成为综合应用卫星SEASAT的主要观测项目之一,这对于研究海洋地球物理和全球性地球动力学问题无疑是一种十分有用的资料。     

Nitrogen and sulfur species in acrosols at Mawson,Antarctica, and their relationship to natural radionuclides

High volume aerosol samples were collected continuously at Mawson, Antarctica (67°36'S, 62°30'E), from February 1987 through October 1989. All samples were analyzed for Na⁺, Cl^-, SO₄ ⁼, NO₃ ^-, methanesulfonate (MSA), NH₄ ⁺,⁷Be, and²¹⁰Pb. The annual mean concentrations of many of the species are very low, substantially lower than even those over the relatively pristine regions of the tropical and subtropical South Pacific. The concentrations at Mawson are comparable both in magnitude and in seasonality to those which have been measured in long term studies at the South Pole and at the coastal German Antarctic research station, Georg von Neumayer (GvN). This comparability suggests that the aerosol composition may be relatively uniform over a broad sector of the Antarctic. The concentrations of most of the species exhibit very strong and sharply-defined seasonal cycles. MSA, non-sea-salt (nss) SO₄ ⁼ and NH₄ ⁺ all exhibit similar cycles, with maxima during the austral summer (December through February) being more than an order of magnitude higher than the winter minima. The limited⁷Be data appears to exhibit a similar cycle. Although nitrate and²¹⁰Pb also exhibit relatively high concentrations during the austral summer, their cycles are far more complex than those of the previous species with indications of multiple peaks. As expected, the concentration of sea-salt (as indicated by Na⁺ and Cl^-) peaks during the winter. The results from multiple variable regression analyses indicate that the dominant source of nss SO₄ ⁼ is the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) which produces MSA and nss SO₄ ⁼ in a ratio of about 0.31 (about five times higher than that over the tropical and subtropical oceans). However, a very significant fraction (about 25%) of the nss SO₄ ⁼ is associated with NO₃ ^-, The seasonal cycle of NO₃ ^- is similar to that of²¹⁰Pb and distinctly different from that of⁷Be and MSA. These results indicate that the major source of NO₃ ^- over Antarctica is probably continental as opposed to stratospheric or marine biogenic.     

Regional and Global Tropopause Fold Occurrence and Related Ozone Flux Across the Tropopause

This paper gives a synthesis of three algorithms to detect the presenceof tropopause folds from vertical ozone/radio-sounding profiles and frommeteorological analysis. Also an algorithm to identify injection ofstratospheric air into the lower troposphere fromozone/⁷beryllium time series is presented. Differences in theresults obtained from the algorithms are observed and discussed with respectto the criteria for fold detection and input data used. Spatial gradients inthe obtained folding frequencies are made evident on a global scale from thealgorithm based on meteorological analysis (Q-vector/potential vorticity)and probably also on a regional European scale from algorithms both basedmeteorological analyses and on ozone/PTU soundings. The observed seasonalvariation of folding occurrence is rather flat except during summer whenalso some differences appear between the algorithms. By combining thefolding frequencies with literature estimates of the cross-tropopause ozonetransfer in single folding events, an average stratospheric ozone influxinto the troposphere of 5.7 ± 1.3× 10¹⁰ mol.cm^-2 s^-1 is obtained for the Northern hemisphereand 12± 2.7× 10¹⁰ mol. cm^-2s^-1 for Western Europe. Potential additional contributions dueto other stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes than folds are not yetincluded in these estimates. Finally, the link between statistics fromozone/⁷beryllium data and folding statistics is brieflydiscussed.     

U–Pb and Sm–Nd geochronology of amphibolites from the Curaçá Belt, São Francisco Craton, Brazil: Tectonic implications

The Curaçá terrane is part of the Itabuna–Salvador–Curaçá (I–S–C) Paleoproterozoic orogen in the São Francisco craton, northeastern Brazil, and comprises supracrustal rocks, gneisses of their probable basement, amphibolites, and mafic-ultramafic Cu-bearing bodies (including the Caraíba Cu-Mine), all affected by D₁-D₃ deformation events associated to M₁-M₃ metamorphism under high-T granulite and amphibolite facies, and assisted by G₁-G₃ tonalitic-granodioritic-granitic intrusions. U–Pb and Sm–Nd Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) isotopic data from amphibolite, tonalite, and granite, sampled in a well-known outcrop, indicate partial reset and heterogeneous modification of the original isotopic systems, attributable to deformation and metamorphism. The ages obtained from these systems agree with each other, and also with other previously published U–Pb data, and imply that 2.6 Ga is the crystallization age of the protolith of the amphibolite. Together with key structural relationships, they also indicate a 2.08–2.05 Ga interval for M₃ metamorphism, and make even a less precise age (2.2–2.3 Ga) acceptable, as it suggests contamination in the amphibolite with material in a syn-D₂ tonalite crystallized 2248 ± 36 Ma ago. The new data demonstrate the existence of Neoarchean fragments of both oceanic and continental crusts and constrain the Archean-Paleoproterozoic development of the Curaçá belt, the I–S–C orogen, and the São Francisco craton.     

Synthetic tidal parameters for gravity over China and its neighbor area

The synthetic tidal parameters with high spatial resolution for gravity over China and its neighbor area are con- structed with Earth’s tidal model and ocean tide loading calculated using TPXO7 global ocean tide model as well as tidal data over China seas. The comparison between synthetic parameters and ones observed by spring gravime- ters at some seismic network stations and Hong Kong station and one observed by super-conducting gravimeter at Wuhan station shows that the average differences in amplitude factors and phases are smaller than 0.005 and 0.5° respectively; and that the discrepancies between observational and synthetic parameters are dependent on gravim- etric technique in that the synthetic parameters are in well agreement with the superconducting gravimetric obser- vations. This also indicates that the synthetic result is a good estimation for tidal gravity, and the numerical results in the present paper not only can provide ground and space gravimetry such as absolute gravimetry with correction model of tidal gravity, but also provide effective tidal parameters over areas where no observation is carried out.