基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的应变软化模型在隧道工程中的应用

基于Hoek-Brown强度准则及量化GSI围岩评级系统,分析岩体强度弱化行为,总结出确定岩体峰值及峰后强度参数的方法,提出应变软化模型的简化计算方法,并以FLAC3D数值模拟软件为工具,采用收敛-约束法对深埋大断面隧道支护结构及围岩稳定性进行分析,计算出支护结构安全系数。通过分析得出：随着围岩应力释放,岩体软化参数随之减小,岩体强度弱化行为突出;高地质强度GSI指标（GSI=75）的岩体虽然强度弱化程度较大,但围岩的变形量仍然较小,而低GSI指标（GSI=25）的岩体表现出了理想弹塑性行为;提出的简化Hoek-Brown应变软化模型适合应用于隧道中岩质相近区段围岩的研究;采用收敛-约束法对隧道支护结构的稳定性进行分析,可为隧道工程的初期支护优化设计及安全性评价提供参考。     

岩石的应力松弛,应变硬化和应变软化

本文论述了岩石应力松弛的某些基本特征，分析了应力松弛测试的基本理论，特别就岩石应力松弛中的应变硬化和软化现象提出了作者的见解，并导出了其数据处理方法。     

Dynamic modelling of retrogressive landslides with emphasis on the role of clay sensitivity

This paper presents a detailed numerical study of the retrogressive failure of landslides in sensitive clays. The dynamic modelling of the landslides is carried out using a novel continuum approach, the particle finite element method, complemented with an elastoviscoplastic constitutive model. The multiwedge failure mode in the collapse is captured successfully, and the multiple retrogressive failures that have been widely observed in landslides in sensitive clays are reproduced with the failure mechanism, the kinematics, and the deposition being discussed in detail. Special attention has been paid to the role of the clay sensitivity on each retrogressive failure as well as on the final retrogression distance and the final run‐out distance via parametric studies. Moreover, the effects of the viscosity of sensitive clays on the failure are also investigated for different clay sensitivities.     

某公路顺层滑坡的整治及对该区段选线的反思

通过对某顺层古滑坡的现场调查,分析判断了古滑坡的滑动范围、滑动面,并对滑动面抗剪强度参数进行了反分析计算。据此对古滑坡体进行了初步整治设计,实际整治时未采取防水措施,抗滑指标进一步下降,笔者对此时软化后滑动面抗剪强度进行了计算分析。结合对K89～K95段的调查分析,对此区段的切方边坡违背工程地质选线原则导致的后果进行了反思。     

Continuous GPS and broad-scale deformation across the Rhine Graben and the Alps

In order to study the ongoing tectonic deformation in the Rhine Graben area, we reconstruct the local crustal velocity and the strain rate field from GPS array solutions. Following the aim of this work, we compile the velocities of permanent GPS stations belonging to various networks (EUREF, AGNES, REGAL and RGP) in central western Europe. Moreover, the strain rate field is displayed in terms of principal axes and values, while the normal and the shear components of the strain tensor are calculated perpendicular and parallel to the strike of major faults. The results are compared with the fault plane solutions of earthquakes, which have occurred in this area. A broad-scale kinematic deformation model across the Rhine Graben is provided on the basis of tectonics and velocity results of the GPS permanent stations. The area of study is divided into four rigid blocks, between which there might be relative motions. The velocity and the strain rate fields are reconstructed along their borders, by estimating a uniform rotation for each block. The tectonic behaviour is well represented by the four-block model in the Rhine Graben area, while a more detailed model will be needed for a better reconstruction of the strain field in the Alpine region.

Calibration of the parameters for a hardening–softening constitutive model using genetic algorithms

The present paper introduces a genetic algorithm-based optimization technique to calibrate a nonlinear strain hardening–softening constitutive model for soils using five material parameters. The efficiency of the proposed technique is analyzed through the use of different GA techniques. The effects of elitism, crossover, and mutation, as well as population size, on the performance of the conventional GAs for this problem are investigated. Micro-genetic algorithms (mGAs) are chosen and tested for different population sizes. The mGAs with a population size of five yields the optimal parameter values after fewer function evaluations and capture the overall simulated or experimental behavior at every point in stress–strain and strain paths in triaxial compression. The proposed calibration technique is validated through comparison with the traditional calibration technique.     

描述饱和黏性土应变软化的弹塑性双面模型

常规三轴压缩试验中具有较强结构性的黏性土在围压较低时其应力−应变关系会呈现应变软化现象,一般还伴有塑性变形,通常土体内部结构损伤是应变软化产生的主要原因。考虑到采用经典塑性理论描述材料的应变软化不仅会违背 Drucker 的稳定性假设,而且也不能描述卸载塑性。因此,基于修正剑桥模型及 Li 和 Meissner 提出的塑性硬化准则,建立了一个描述饱和黏性土不排水应变软化的弹塑性双面模型。该模型以应力−应变曲线的峰值点分界,将应变硬化和应变软化分别作为独立的加载事件进行分析,同时引入新的结构性参数表征剪切过程中土体结构损伤导致的塑性刚度衰退。对不同固结状态饱和结构性黏土的三轴固结不排水压缩试验结果的模拟表明,所建模型能够较好地描述饱和黏性土的不排水应变软化特性。     

考虑含水率影响的结构性黄土临界状态模型

根据不同初始含水率原状黄土结构性演化规律,基于临界状态土力学理论,以应力、初始含水率和应变为基本变量,提出了一个可以反映原状黄土结构性演化规律及软化特性的临界状态本构模型。模型通过对比不同初始含水率下重塑与原状黄土等向压缩曲线,建立了不同含水率下原状黄土的结构性参数及其演化方程。此外,模型采用非相关联流动法则,以剪胀方程的形式来求解塑性偏应变。模型共计9个材料参数,均可由压缩试验和常规三轴剪切试验求得。通过与已有试验数据的对比发现,本模型不仅可以较好地体现初始含水率对原状黄土结构强度、变形特性以及结构破坏规律的影响,而且能较为合理地预测原状黄土的硬化及软化特性。所建立的结构性黄土临界状态模型为深化黄土力学特性研究提供了可能,同时为有效计算黄土地基湿陷变形提供了一定的理论依据。     

恒应变率试验中岩石膨胀与应变能损耗特性的研究

借助广义品质因数和变形的归一化处理方法,分析了房山砂岩在10~(-5)/s恒应变率试验中膨胀和应变能损耗特征.结果表明,房山砂岩的膨胀伴随着应变能的迅速耗散,差应力-体应变曲线在膨胀阶段出现的反转点与应变能损耗曲线的特征点相对应.     

考虑桩侧土软化的单桩性状计算分析

在分析单桩桩侧土工作性状的基础上,提出了一种考虑桩侧土软化效应的荷载传递函数,分析了模型曲线随其中2个参数a和 b的变化规律。将该传递函数应用于单桩性状的分析,与采用常规的双曲线型传递函数的计算结果进行对比分析对比结果表明,采用该模型计算出来的单桩承载力更合理和准确。