中国海地球物理场特征

1960年开始对中国海进行地球物理系统调查,经过30年积累了丰富的测控、重力、磁力和地震资料,应用“一、二、三、多”的综合解释原则,编绘并出版了比例尺为1：5M的“中国海区及领域地质地球物理系列图”（1992）,在此基础上,认识到中国海的一些地球物理现象,进而讨论了中国大地构造格架及其演化历史,提出了中国对海底油气资源的看法。     

Attribution of runoff change in the alpine basin: a case study of the Heihe Upstream Basin,China

Quantifying the relative contributions of different factors to runoff change is helpful for basin management, especially in the context of climate change and anthropogenic activities. The effect of snow change on runoff is seldom evaluated. We attribute the runoff change in the Heihe Upstream Basin (HUB), an alpine basin in China, using two approaches: a snowmelt-based water balance model and the Budyko framework. Results from these approaches show good consistency. Precipitation accounts for 58% of the increasing runoff. The contribution of land-cover change seems unremarkable for the HUB as a whole, where land-cover change has a major effect on runoff in each sub-basin, but its positive effect on increasing runoff in sub-basins 1 and 3 is offset by the negative effect in sub-basin 2. Snow change plays an essential role in each sub-basin, with a contribution rate of around 30%. The impact of potential evapotranspiration is almost negligible.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis

ASSOCIATE EDITOR S. Huang     

A fish-based typology of small temperate rivers in the northeastern lowlands of Germany

Fish assemblage data from 69 brooks and small streams were analysed to derive a fish-based typology of small lowland streams in the “Central Plains” ecoregion of northeastern Germany. Altogether 32 native, 1 non-native fish species and 2 lamprey species were detected in the lowland rivers studied. Species number and diversity varied significantly according to mean summer water temperatures and size of the watercourses. Summer-cold brooks contained on average 3-5 species, brooks with higher summer temperatures 5-8 species and small lowland rivers around 10-14 species. Small lowland brooks contained a significantly higher number of fish species when they flowed into or out of lakes: typically around 8-12.In the northeastern German lowlands the following three different river types were distinguished according to their fish assemblages: (1) The “lowland trout brook”, where brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) are reference species and accompanied by stone loach (Barbatula barbatula (L.)), brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri (Bloch)), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), ten-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius (L.)) and gudgeon (Gobio gobio (L.)); (2) The “perch- and roach-dominated lowland brook”, where perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) are reference species, accompanied by pike (Esox lucius L.), three-spined stickleback and gudgeon; and (3) The “lowland lake connected brook” inhabited by higher numbers of fish species, with higher proportions of cyprinid fishes, and higher proportions of limnophilic fish. Apart from perch and roach, bleak (Alburnus alburnus (L.)), common bream (Abramis brama (L.)), silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna (L.)) and rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.)) also occurred frequently.Further two observed fish-based types were not considered: The potential stone loach-dominated brook was not sufficiently represented in this study to be verified, and the stickleback brook was considered to represent degradation of lowland trout brooks.The correspondence between the fish-based typology and the morphology-based German stream typology was rather weak and requires further investigation.     

基于企业微信的形变故障报警框架设计与实现

针对台站形变观测中经常出现的仪器故障,提出了一种基于移动式企业微信报警的新方法。对传统的依托于台站工作人员登录Web网站、查看仪器工作状态的方式进行了改进,并提供了一种可实现、可操作的设计思路和具体实现过程。该设计框架不但解决了行业内外网切割导致数据采集和报警信息无法发送的问题,还解决了长期以来台站仪器经常性网络不通、断电、死机、超量程等突发情况所导致的形变观测数据缺失和错误无法及时报警的问题。通过Python语言编程,采集实时测量数据,通过逻辑运算后将结果推送到指定的企业微信,实现仪器故障报警,以达到降低数据损失的目的。     

重力卫星GRACE Mascon产品的应用研究进展与展望

2002年重力卫星GRACE的成功发射极大地促进了地球科学多个领域,包括全球海平面变化、极地冰盖与高山冰川消融、水文以及固体地球等多个领域的发展.然而,GRACE观测数据主要是以球谐系数的形式给出,需要应用者进行一系列预处理才可以得到对应的物理量.为了克服此困难,也为了提高GRACE恢复重力场地空间分辨率,相关机构在近些年推出了新一代GRACE观测数据产品,即Mascon产品.该产品的初衷是便于非大地测量和地球物理专业的人使用,比如水文学家、海洋学家,它无需进行任何后处理过程,使用上更加方便.然而,尽管Mascon产品以较高的空间分辨率(如1°)给出,但是,该产品的应用范围以及其实际的分辨率等都是科学家们非常关注的问题.目前科学家们已经对该产品在不同流域尺度以及不同应用领域上的适用性问题进行了系统性地评估.本文综合介绍了Mascon产品的基本原理和方法、三家Mascon产品的差异,并梳理了该产品和球谐系数产品之间在一些具体物理问题的应用中的适用性以及应该注意的问题,为广大科研工作者提供科学依据和使用参考.     

水库生态安全评估方法(Ⅰ):IROW框架

近年来,生态安全评估在方法和实践上得到较大发展,然而,受水库特殊性、系统性认识缺乏等限制,目前尚无水库型水体的有效评估方法.本研究借鉴国外相关理念,分析了水库生态系统特征,强调了水库演变规律特殊性、水库时空异质性、水库生态系统管理综合性.着眼于此,提出了基于IROW(Inflow-Reservoir-Outflow-Watershed)框架的评估方法,将水库上游来水安全、水库水体安全、水库下泄水安全、库区流域影响4类要素纳入框架综合考虑;并阐述了评估预处理与结果分析的关注要点,包括分区、分时段评估等建议.     

世界上最快回应大地震的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探

2008年5月12日汶川大地震之后,在青藏高原东缘龙门山地区实施了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探,这是目前世界上最快回应大地震的科学钻探,为地学家探索地震成因机制提供了极好的机遇.汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程（WFSD）沿产生同震地表破裂的两条断裂带——龙门山的映秀—北川断裂和灌县—安县断裂共实施了6口科学群钻.其目标在于对钻孔的岩心、岩屑和流体样品进行多学科观察、测试和研究,揭示汶川地震断裂带的深部物质组成、结构、产出以及构造属性;探索地震过程中的岩石物理和化学行为、能量状态与破裂演化过程;认识汶川地震发生的应力环境、巨大的地震破裂产生及传播原因、地下流体在地震的孕育、发生、停止过程中的作用,从而检验和深入理解地震断裂发震机理.目前,汶川科钻项目已取得的部分重要成果如下：（1）查明了汶川地震断裂带结构、组成;（2）揭示了汶川地震过程中"热增压"为重要断裂弱化机制,提出断裂带内石墨可作为判断大地震发生的标志;（3）发现目前世界上最低的断层摩擦系数,并首次记录到大震后断裂带快速愈合信息;（4）重建龙门山的构造格架,提出汶川大地震发生的新的成因模式;（5）通过对汶川地震余震的精确定位、钻孔附近的地震台阵观测,确定了地震活动与龙门山断裂带不同区段的空间关系;揭示断裂带深部流体特征与地震活动的关系,为确定大震孕育过程提供深部流体活动行为的科学依据.     

Testing BOPA index in sewage affected soft-bottom communities in the north-western Mediterranean

The implementation of the European directive (ELD) 2000/60/EC has produced the development of several biotic indices based in benthic communities. These indices try to summarise ecological quality status of different communities. However, a universal index that works in all situations is difficult to establish, because there are several sources of variation. Therefore, there is the need for testing and validation of these indices which is required for making management decisions on different scales, and in different regions and communities. In this study we test one of these indices, BOPA index, developed by Dauvin and Ruellet [Dauvin, J.C., Ruellet, T., 2007. Polychaete/amphipod ratio revisited. Marine Pollution Bulletin 55, 215-224] in five locations affected by sewage disposal. These disposals are often released via outfall into shallow subtidal habitats, leading to a common source of pollution in coastal marine environments. BOPA index provides a valuable overview of the gradient status of a benthic environment, discriminating between stations more affected by discharge. Nevertheless, BOPA index, used to establish the ecological quality status, seemed to overestimate the status and hence there is the need to calibrate the thresholds between EcoQs classes as defined for these medium-to-fine sand communities, which are characteristics of shallow sublittoral soft-bottoms of the north-western Mediterranean Sea.     

Modelling interannual variations in catchment evapotranspiration considering vegetation and climate seasonality using the Budyko framework

The Budyko framework is an efficient tool for investigating catchment water balance, focusing on the effects of seasonal changes in climate (S) and vegetation cover (M) on catchment evapotranspiration (ET). However, the effects of vegetation seasonality on ET remain largely unknown. The present study explored these effects by modelling interannual variations in ET considering vegetation and climate seasonality using the Budyko framework. Reconstructed 15-day GIMMS NDVI_3g timeseries data from 1982 to 2015 were used to estimate M and extract the relative duration of the vegetation growing season (GL) in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). To characterize S, seasonal variations in precipitation and potential ET were extracted using a Gaussian algorithm. Analysis of the observed datasets for 19 catchments revealed that interannual variation in the catchment parameter ϖ (in Fuh's equation) was significantly and positively correlated with M and GL. Conversely, ϖ was significantly but negatively correlated with S. Furthermore, stepwise linear regression was used to calibrate the empirical formula of ϖ for these three dimensionless parameters. Following validation, based on observations in the remaining 11 catchments, ϖ was integrated into Fuh's equation to accurately estimate annual ET. Over 79% subcatchments showed an upward trend (0.9 mm yr⁻¹), whereas fewer than 21% subcatchments showed a downward trend (−0.5 mm yr⁻¹) across YRB. In the central region of the middle reach, ET increased with increased M, prolonged GL, and decreased S, whereas in the source region of YRB, ET decreased with decreased M and shortened GL. Our study provides an alternative method to estimate interannual ET in ungauged catchments and offers a novel perspective to investigate hydrological responses to vegetation and climate seasonality in the long-term.     

Water quality, nutrients and the water framework directive in an agricultural region: The lower Humber Rivers, northern England

The water quality of rivers in the eastern part of the Humber Basin, north-eastern England is described from a baseflow survey (11–13 August 2006) of a wide range of water quality determinants, and long-term nutrient records of the Environment Agency of England and Wales (EA). The baseflow survey shows that the rivers are oversaturated with respect to dissolved CO₂ and calcite. They are sodium, potassium, lithium, boron, chloride, sulphate and fluoride bearing from a combination of atmospheric, within-catchment, agricultural and sewage effluent sources. Nitrate concentrations are uniform for rivers draining permeable bedrock but decrease for clay drainage areas. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations are variable across the catchments reflecting the importance and variability of point sources and within-river processing. The EA data show annual oscillations for both NO₃ and SRP concentrations. Average NO₃ concentrations vary between 3.3 and 18.8 mgN/l and concentrations are low during the summer months. Average SRP concentrations vary between 23 and 1959 μg/l. Highest SRP concentrations generally occur when there is effluent input from sewage treatment works and agricultural point sources (e.g. overflow from slurry tanks, farmyard washings). Despite many of the rivers being nutrient rich, they are generally of good biological quality when point source inputs are not important.