Desiccation of a Clay by Grass,Bushes and Trees

After reviewing the past 60 years of research into the desiccation of clay soils by grass, bushes and trees as it affects shallow building foundations and roads pavements, it was concluded that most past research has been opportunistic and unplanned. Also, no attempt has been made to relate changes of soil water content to rainfall and rates of evapotranspiration. The paper reports the second stage of a sustained programme to observe and understand seasonal and annual changes of soil water content under grass and adjacent to bushes and trees. A 12 months set of two-monthly soil water content contours is presented together with the associated soil water balance, and a method is described for assessing evapotranspiration by bushes and trees by means of a solar energy balance.     

Compressibility behaviour of lime-stabilized clay

Lime stabilization reactions result in the formation of inter-particle cementation bonds that improves strength and reduce compressibility of clay soils. Though several studies in the past have focused on the impact of lime stabilization on the strength behaviour, few studies have examined the impact of lime stabilization on the compressibility behaviour of clay soils. The present study examines the compressibility behaviour of lime-stabilized soils in light of the frameworks proposed for saturated cemented clays. Cementation bonds formed during the lime stabilization reactions imparted yield stress in the range of 3900–5200 kPa to the artificially cemented specimens. The compression behaviour of these artificially cemented specimens in the pre-yield stress and post-yield stress regions conformed to the framework proposed for saturated cemented soils.     

Einstein–Rosen Universe in a Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravitation

Field equations in the presence of a perfect fluid distribution are obtained in a scalar-tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Saez and Ballester (Phys. Lett. 113, 1985, 467) with the aid of Einstein–Rosen cylindrically symmetric metric. A static vacuum model and a non-static stiff fluid model are presented. The physical and geometrical properties of the stiff fluid model are studied.     

应变软化Tresca材料中扩孔问题解答及其应用

依据常规试验成果,对岩土材料的剪胀、剪缩和应变软化特性进行简化后,利用弹塑性理论和体积平衡原理,推导出应变软化Tresca材料中扩孔问题的一般解答,并分析了不排水饱和土扩孔问题的规律性,对解决诸如沉桩挤土效应等工程问题具有一定的应用价值。     

A critical state model for overconsolidated structured clays

This paper presents a generalised critical state model with the bounding surface theory for simulating the stress–strain behaviour of overconsolidated structured clays. The model is formulated based on the framework of the Structured Cam Clay (SCC) model and is designated as the Modified Structured Cam Clay with Bounding Surface Theory (MSCC-B) model. The hardening and destructuring processes for structured clays in the overconsolidated state can be described by the proposed model. The image stress point defined by the radial mapping rule is used to determine the plastic hardening modulus, which varies along loading paths. A new proposed parameter h, which depends on the material characteristics, is introduced into the plastic hardening modulus equation to take the soil behaviour into account in the overconsolidated state. The MSCC-B model is finally evaluated in light of the model performance by comparisons with the measured data of both naturally and artificially structured clays under compression and shearing tests. From the comparisons, it is found that the MSCC-B model gives reasonable good simulations of mechanical response of structured clays in both drained and undrained conditions. With its simplicity and performance, the MSCC-B model is regarded as a practical geotechnical model for implementation in numerical analysis.     

Cordierite-anthophyllite rocks from north-west Queensland, Australia: metamorphosed magnesian pelites

Abstract Cordierite-anthophyllite rocks and related cordierite-rich, talc-rich and chlorite-rich rocks occur in the Rosebud Syncline, north-west Queensland, Australia, as part of a Proterozoic metasedimentary sequence. Field relations and rock compositions attest the sedimentary origin of these rather unusual metamorphic rocks. Their chemical composition is comparable to that of unmetamorphosed, alkali- and Ca-poor pelites, which are associated with some evaporite deposits. Other occurrences of cordierite-anthophyllite rocks have commonly been interpreted as metamorphosed chloritic alteration products derived from mafic or felsic volcanics. A comparative chemical study, using analyses of cordierite-anthophyllite rocks from such alteration zones and analyses of unmetamorphosed magnesian pelites, demonstrates the general chemical similarity between these two rock groups of entirely different origin. However, distinct differences in major element relations help to distinguish these two genetic groups. Particularly useful are Al₂O₃–FeO–MgO plots, in which evaporitic pelites occupy the Fe-poor side. The highly magnesian metamorphic rocks from the Rosebud Syncline fall entirely into the compositional field of evaporitic clays and shales. Furthermore, analyses of relatively immobile trace elements give supporting evidence for the sedimentary origin of these cordierite-anthophyllite rocks. The correlation with trace element ranges of clays and shales is very good. However, the correlation with trace element ranges of mafic and felsic volcanics is poor, and major discrepancies occur with Cr, Ni, Co, Nb, Sc, Th and Ti. Thus, the magnesian metamorphics of the Rosebud Syncline appear to be derived from evaporitic clays rich in magnesian clay minerals, such as palygorskite, sepiolite, chlorite or corrensite. The complete metamorphic rock assemblage of interlayered calcareous, aluminous and magnesian rocks is interpreted as a metamorphosed carbonate-evaporite-pelite sequence.     

Experimental study of thermal effects on the mechanical behaviour of a clay

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of thermal effects on the mechanical behaviour of a saturated clay. The study was performed on CM clay (Kaolin) using a temperature-controlled triaxial apparatus. Applied temperatures were between 22 and 90°C. A comprehensive experimental program was carried out, including: (i) triaxial shear tests at ambient and high temperatures for different initial overconsolidation ratios; (ii) consolidation tests at ambient and high temperatures; and (iii) drained thermal heating for different initial overconsolidation ratios. The obtained results provide observations concerning a wide scope of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of clays. Test results obtained at 90°C were compared with tests performed at ambient temperature. Based on these comparisons, thermal effects on a variety of features of behaviour are presented and discussed. Focus is made on: (i) induced thermal volume change during drained heating; (ii) experimental evidence of temperature influence on preconsolidation pressure and on compressibility index; (iii) thermal effects on shear strength and critical state; and (iv) thermal effects on elastic modulus. Thermal yielding is discussed and yield limit evolution with temperature is presented. The directions of the induced plastic strains are also discussed. Several remarks on the difference in the mechanical behaviour at ambient and high temperatures conclude the paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemistry of rare-earth elements in thermal waters of Uzon-Geyzernaya hydrothermal system (Kamchatka)

Precisional analyses of the abundances of La, Ce, and major elements in thermal waters and rocks of the Uzon-Geyzernaya volcanotectonic depression, supplemented by published data on a number of modern high-temperature hydrothermal systems of Kamchatka and two other areas of the world, allowed defining genetically important patterns of rare-earth elements (REE) distribution. The La and Ce abundances positively correlate with silica contents both in fresh igneous rocks of the study areas and in the products formed by hydrothermal processes.All studied hydrothermal clays are enriched in La and Ce. The general enrichment trend is similar to the pattern of positive correlation between the La and Ce abundances. Geothermal waters display a strong relationship between REE enrichment and pH. Enhanced REE enrichment trend is observed in thermal waters with abundant SO₄^2 ? and K. The REE versus Cl and B diagrams show two individual fields reflecting the level of acidity-alkalinity of thermal waters. These data demonstrate that La and Ce concentrations in the products of modern hydrothermal systems (in fluids and secondary mineral phases) are governed by wallrock composition, anionic water composition, and pH/Eh-dependent adsorption processes.     

压缩过程中重塑黏土渗透系数的变化规律

重塑黏土渗透系数是岩土工程众多领域中的一个重要参数,分析其主要影响因素并提出简单实用的定量表达式有着重要的理论价值及工程应用前景。已有的渗透系数预测方法或者由于参数复杂,或者由于适用范围窄、精度低,不能很好地得到应用。收集了已有不同文献23组液限变化范围为40%～300%的重塑黏土的固结渗透试验数据,通过分析指出了土体压缩过程中当应变大于20%时渗透系数对数值与孔隙比成非线性指数关系而非线性关系,明确了已有渗透系数预测方法的主要缺陷。采用多元线性回归分析方法,揭示了影响黏土渗透系数的主要影响因素,提出了适用范围广、参数简单的渗透系数定量计算表达式。     

结构性软黏土时效特性的一维弹黏塑性模拟

为了研究土体结构破坏对软黏土一维变形的时效特性的影响,在Bjerrum的等时间线体系基础上,提出了等黏塑性应变率线等黏塑性应变率线概念,建立了非结构性软黏土的一维弹黏塑性模型;为了描述土体结构渐进破坏特征,定义了结构性参数--结构应变,在非结构性模型的基础上推导了结构性软黏土一维弹黏塑性模型;讨论了通过试验法直接确定模型参数的方法,并利用新建模型对温州天然软黏土的一维常规压缩试验、天然Ariake 黏土的分级快速固结试验、结构性Berthierville黏土的一维等应变率压缩试验及长期蠕变试验进行模拟。模拟与试验结果的对比表明,该模型能较好地描述结构性软黏土一维压缩变形的时效特征。