Response of A Gravel - Bed River To Dam Closure: Insights From Sediment Transport Processes And Channel Morphodynamics

This work deals with the impacts of dams on large gravel -bed rivers in terms of altering coarse transport regimes and the relationship with river morphodynamics. Using data collected by a tracer -based monitoring programme carried out in a 4 -km -long study sector of the Parma River (Italy), located downstream from a relatively recently established dam, we applied a virtual velocity approach to estimate the coarse bed material load at four river cross -sections. Monitoring and calculation results provided new insights into the impacts of the dam on streambed material mobility and the sediment regime over the 17 -month calculation period. A longitudinal gradient of effects was observed along the study sector. Sections located closer to the dam are characterized by more evident impacts due to deficits in coarse sediment input from upstream. Sediment mobility here is strongly altered, especially in the highly armoured main channel, and the overall bed material load is extremely low. A partial recovery of sediment dynamics was observed at the sections located further from the dam, where estimates indicate higher sediment yield. The observed longitudinal trend in the coarse sediment transport regime matches the morphology, as the river shifts downstream from a sinuous configuration with alternate bars to a wandering one. The novel insights into alteration of coarse sediment dynamics and the relationship with river morphodynamics are potentially applicable to many other fluvial contexts affected by similar impoundments. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Study of Seismicity and Earthquake Hazard at the Proposed Kalabsha Dam Site,Aswan, Egypt

High and Aswan Dams Authority (HADA) proposed a plan aiming at constructing a rockfill dam in the Kalabsha area, about 60 km south of Aswan High Dam. The aim of this dam is to restrain the overflow of water to the Kalabsha Valley for keeping one billion cubic meters from being lost due to seepage and evaporation. The safety of dams during earthquakes is extremely important because failure of such a structure may have disastrous consequences on life and property. Therefore, different factors were considered as part of a site assessment. Five seismic source zones, close enough to the site to give rise to potentially damaging earthquake ground motions, were identified. Seven active faults that have the potential for producing significant earthquakes and that pass through or near the dam site were also identified. The earthquake loading represented by ground motions at the site was evaluated. Probabilistic seismic hazard procedures were used for assessing the earthquake loading at six individual sites using Area-and Line-Source Models (ASM & LSM). The ASM is based on current observed seismicity, whereas the LSM is based on geological slip rates. The output represents the expected acceleration amplitude with 90 percent probability of not being exceeded in exposure times of 20, 50, and 100 years. The results from the two models appear to be different, the expected ground motions from ASM were twice as high as expected from LSM. This difference is due to the load of the Aswan reservoir (Nasser Lake) triggering earthquakes on those parts of the faults that lie under the lake at Kalabsha area. The hazard at the selected sites is given by the hazard curve that is represented by the relationship between the peak ground acceleration and its annual exceedance probability. By comparing the curves for the six individual sites for the same source model, it can be concluded that the potential ground acceleration level for all the sites is almost the same. Considering the mean results from the two models, the annual exceedance probability of the expected ground acceleration from ASM is approximately ten times higher than the annual exceedance probability from LSM.Since ASM is based on current seismicity, it is more appropriate forrepresenting the actual hazard for the dam site.     

Non‐linear seismic response of arch dams with contraction joint opening and joint reinforcements

A comprehensive study of non‐linear seismic response of arch dams with contraction joint opening and joint reinforcements has been conducted. A numerical model of contraction joint reinforcements is presented for optimization control of the joint opening. The objective of this control is to reduce the joint opening and expectantly to balance the sustained loads between the horizontal and the vertical components of the dam, thus avoiding an overstress in the cantilever while retaining the release of arch tensile stresses to some extent. Several parameter studies such as critical element size and required number of joints to be simulated for convergence are also performed. As an engineering application, a 292‐m high arch dam (the Xiaowan arch dam) and the Big Tujunga dam are analysed in detail. The results demonstrate that the joint opening and the corresponding load transfer from the arch to cantilever components of the dam during strong earthquakes are substantial. It is also evident that by providing sufficient strength and reinforcement flexibility, the joint opening can be controlled to some extent. However, the stress redistribution due to reinforcement control is not sufficient to avoid the overstress in the cantilever for the Xiaowan arch dam. Thus, alternative measures are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高面板坝地震动三维非一致输入的波函数组合法

提出三维问题的波函数组合法求解不规则河谷的散射问题,应用到高面板坝动力有限元计算的地震动输入中,可以满足非一致输入的要求,并回避人工边界对外行波的反射问题。重点介绍三维问题的波函数组合法的理论推导和程序的算例验证,并给出将该方法应用到高面板坝地震动输入的基本步骤。     

新疆某水库大坝变形监测方法研究

结合新疆克拉玛依三座坝线均长达5km左右的平原水库,介绍了由于地质环境影响大坝沉降和位移而建立变形监测控制网、观测方法、数据分析处理以及工作中的一些方法和经验.     

乌东德高拱坝极限抗震能力研究

乌东德水电站是金沙江下游河段上4个水电梯级的最上游梯级,大坝为265 m高的双曲拱坝。采用非线性有限元法,将拱坝坝体-坝基作为一个整体系统,在考虑坝体横缝影响及无限地基辐射阻尼影响基础上,模拟坝肩控制性滑块各滑裂面在地震作用下张开、滑移的非线性力学行为,研究设计与校核地震作用下大坝的抗震性能,探讨大坝-坝基整体系统在强震作用下的抗震潜力。研究结果表明：设计地震条件下,坝体仅在拱端应力集中区域拉应力超过抗拉强度,压应力则均满足强度要求,坝肩块体稳定,大坝-坝基体系的整体安全性可以保证;校核地震条件下,坝体应力值略有增加,能够满足不溃坝的设防要求;以大坝-坝基代表性的位移、变形量变化曲线的拐点作为评价极限抗震能力的标准,可知拱坝-坝基体系的抗震超载安全系数为2.7,相应的基岩水平向峰值加速度0.729g,拱坝-坝基体系抗剪参数强度储备安全系数为2.0,乌东德高拱坝具备较强的极限抗震能力。     

地震作用下丰满重力坝的塑性损伤

基于混凝土塑性损伤本构模型,将可以表征材料和结构渐进破坏的损伤变量作为内变量,考虑了混凝土拉压异性的损伤变量,利用有限元软件ABAQUS,对丰满混凝土重力坝在经受地震作用下的结构损伤区域的发展变化进行安全性评价。在数值计算过程中,对于受地震荷载作用所引起的地面水平运动而导致大坝水位水平运动对坝体的影响,通过扩充后的广义Westergaard公式予以计算模拟。通过分析得到了丰满大坝在地震作用下的塑性损伤破坏情况,并评价了丰满大坝的安全性,亦说明利用损伤力学对大坝进行安全性评价是一个可行的方法。     

重庆市北碚醪糟坪泥石流防治工程探讨

北碚醪糟坪泥石流防治工程，在施工中使用了多工艺方法，泥石流前缘采用桩、粱、锚支挡工程，相互连接及帷幕灌浆，改变土质性能，加强稳定性，泥石流中段大胆采用碎石毛石重力坝，阻拦上部泥石流，加上盲沟连接碎石桩和重力坎，排泄地下水、地表水。为了防止泥石流上段北岸继续造成滑塌，在北岸进行护坡桩保护。后缘是根据彻底根治原则，用人工挖孔抗滑桩，桩上端与横粱相连，粱与锚桩连接，切断了泥石流物质来源。该泥石流是地表水和地下水不畅通而引起的，在泥石流中下部修建了盲沟网格，明渠修建在下部外围稳定的土体上，水渠沟沟相通，最后集中排泄到明渠中流走。该泥石流采用综合整治方法，大胆使用碎石桩毛石重力坎，这一工艺获得了理想效果。     

Review and enhancement of 3D concrete models for large‐scale numerical simulations of concrete structures

The present paper focuses on selected plasticity and damage‐plasticity models for describing the 3D material behavior of concrete. In particular, a plasticity model and a damage‐plasticity model are reviewed and evaluated. Based on the results of the evaluation, enhancements are proposed, aiming at improving the correspondence between predicted and observed material behavior and aiming at implementing a robust and efficient stress update algorithm in a finite element program for performing large‐scale 3D numerical simulations of concrete structures. The capabilities of the concrete models are demonstrated by 3D numerical simulations of benchmark tests with combined bending and torsional loading and combined compression and shear loading and by a large‐scale 3D finite element analysis of a model test of a concrete arch dam. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Some engineering characteristics of a compacted lateritic residual soil

Summary In many parts of the world, particularly in humid tropical regions, residual soils are abundant. In this paper the suitability of a residual lateritic soil as a construction material is investigated, with respect to its strength and compaction characteristics. In comparison with other typical construction fills available in Southeast Asia, compacted lateritic soils produce excellent shear strengths and CBR values. However, the brittleness and tensile cracking of this compacted material become enhanced on the dry side of the optimum moisture content, or if excessive compaction is imparted. Nevertheless, at a moisture content of 2% wetter than the optimum, the tensile mode of failure is suppressed and the lateritic fills become ideally suited for the construction of high embankments and impervious dam cores.