Paleoecological and biogeographical implications of late Pleistocene noble marten (Martes americana nobilis) in eastern Washington State, USA

A mandible identified as noble marten (Martes americana nobilis) recovered from sediments dating to 11,800 cal yr BP and a humerus identified as M. a. cf. nobilis recovered from sediments dating from 13,100 to 12,500 cal yr BP at the Marmes Rockshelter archaeological site in southeastern Washington represent the first record of this taxon in the state. Mammalian taxa associated with the Marmes Rockshelter noble marten represent a diversity of open mesic habitats corroborating earlier analyses of other records of the noble marten in the western United States and exemplify how paleozoologists determine the ecology and environmental predilections of extinct taxa. The recovery site represents the topographically lowest record of this species in western North America and the farthest north record in the United States. Future research should examine known late-Quaternary Martes spp. remains from British Columbia and Alberta to fill in the 2200-km geographic gap in the known distribution of this taxon between a record in the northern Yukon and those in the western United States, and to refine our knowledge of noble marten paleoecology.     

路基工程中的砂土液化判别与治理

通过现场标准贯入试验,对国道317线K205+700～K207+100段路基填方段中的淤泥质粉细砂层进行了液化判别.<公路工程抗震设计规范>(JTJ004-89)和<建筑抗震设计规范>(GB5001-2001)的计算结果均表明该砂层会产生液化.但前一规范的计算值偏大,在工程中建议使用后一规范,并以振冲密实法进行预防.     

基于偏好度与竞争态的中国区域外资利用研究

将偏好度和竞争态模型引入外资利用研究中,并据此对2000和2009年中国24个地区的外资利用情况进行实证研究,结论为：1）偏好度和竞争态是一种有效分析区域外资利用变化趋势和特征的方法,能更全面地把握外资来源地的时空结构及其演变特征,建立合理的区域外资来源地结构体系;2）各地外资偏好度和竞争态结构基本健全,类型分布和成员组成虽不理想但日趋合理,区域外资利用总体呈“欧洲偏爱北方、亚洲偏爱南方”特征,外资引进重心长期稳定于香港、日本、新加坡、台湾等亚太或毗邻地区,地缘作用影响显著,近年向欧洲和美洲集聚,尤其是美国,但不同地区外资竞争态和偏好度各类型内成员分化显著,且同一地区内不同外资来源地的偏好度和竞争态差异悬殊;3）2000年以来中国区域外资偏好度普遍下降,尤其是东部和西部,各类偏好度和竞争态的成员数量变化剧烈,且偏好度类别演替和竞争态转移现象显著,尤其是强偏好和金牛及明星引资地;4）外资竞争态和偏好度及其变化的相关性不显著,西部尤其是西北地区被边缘化,港澳台对外资利用贡献差异明显,香港最优而澳门最差;5）外资引进目标地分类及其战略选择为优势稳定型——收获性和开拓性：战略、优势增长型——开拓性和扩张性战略、优势下降型——选择性战略、劣势稳定型——选择性和撤退性战略。     

The emerging Islamic State: Terror,territoriality, and the agenda of social transformation

The world has recently been witness to the emergence of a new contemporary geopolitical phenomenon: the declaration of Islamic States by specific Islamic organizations. This phenomenon has the potential to dramatically transform the geopolitical setting of the Middle East and to have farreaching effects on a global level. Of these most prominent, however, has undoubtedly been the June 2014 declaration by the “Islamic State” organization of a “caliphate” covering large areas of the two war-torn states of Syria and Iraq. The aim of this article is to interrogate the territorial aspects of the Islamic State and to discern what makes it unique and exceptional in comparison to the many other Islamic political organizations that have emerged in recent years. In order to facilitate a better understanding of territoriality, I distinguish here between two major dimensions: conceptions of territoriality and tactics of territoriality. My working assumption is that by distinguishing between conceptions and tactics of territoriality, we can compare the exercise of territoriality by states and, in the present case, organizations. In this article, I argue that the Islamic State poses a challenge to both the conceptual and tactical dimensions of the contemporary territory and territoriality of modern states. Yet, while its conception of territoriality may be widely shared by other political Islamic organizations, its uniqueness lies in its tactics and strategies. Indeed, it is the brutal tactics of the Islamic State that are less acceptable to many Muslims around the world, not its political conception, which enjoys considerable support in the Muslim arena. Yet, when comparing it with modern states, the Islamic State poses a challenge to the territory and territoriality in both conception and tactics.     

Informality and the state’s ambivalence in the regulation of street vending in transforming Guangzhou,China

Street vending faces uncertain state responses in contemporary Chinese cities, though it plays an important role in sustaining the livelihood of urban migrants. Building on the critical perspective that understands informality as a production of the state, this paper explores the nature of the regulation of street vending in Guangzhou since 1949. The state’s regulatory practices are characterized by what we call historical ambivalence and geographical ambivalence, which refer to the inconsistency in policies, which fluctuate between soft and hard approaches over time, and the mix of contradictory regulatory measures applied in different urban spaces, respectively. Ambivalence is generated because the state addresses street vending in ways that attain the overarching objective of urban policies. In particular, the exclusion of street vendors in present-day China is not historically natural but driven and sustained by the government’s pursuit of a good city image favorable for attracting capital in the context of intensifying inter-urban competition. The definition of informality is not a neutral classification. Rather, declaring when and to what extent an informal practice is tolerable depends on what the state desires in a specific historical circumstance.     

Rethinking graduated citizenship: Contemporary public housing in Singapore

The ways in which citizenship and housing are implicated in states’ global city aspirations demonstrate significant path dependency and local contingency. This paper serves to broaden the literature that has been dominated by the Western neoliberal context. First, I argue that The Pinnacle@Duxton – a one-of-a-kind public housing project in Singapore – represents the developmental state’s attempt to graduate its homogeneous public housing landscape, providing for and subsidizing the aspirations of a segment of its increasingly affluent middle class to buy into the ideology of the global city. Second, I show how the graduation of public housing coupled with the exaggerated demand for such exclusive projects validates consumer preference pricing in contemporary public housing. This results in a geographical graduation of citizenship, where the bulk of the population is relegated to lesser options on the edges on the island, unable to fulfil their aspirations for global living. In so doing, I make two contributions to extant literature on housing and citizenship in the global city. One, graduating citizenship is not always a case of states realigning their relationship with their citizens to fit the terms of the market. Two, the denial of citizenship to the global city does not always manifest in terms of substantive rights. Appreciating the unique histories and ideologies underpinning housing policies in global cities is instrumental if the variegated meanings of global cities and the citizenships within are to be elucidated.     

Testing and modeling of the state-dependent behaviors of rockfill material

Dense Tacheng rockfill material (TRM) exhibits strain softening and dilation during drained triaxial tests, and therefore, an adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation was proposed for TRM. This equation incorporates an internal state index related to the density and pressure, as well as the coefficient of particle breakage and rotation. The adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation indicates that the relationship between stress and dilatancy is not constant, but varies with density and pressure. This result is in agreement with TRM test data. A state-dependent model was established for TRM using generalized plasticity theory combined with the adapted Rowe’s stress–dilatancy equation. The model includes twelve constants calibrated using TRM test data from Group A, and this model was used to predict the strain softening and dilatancy behaviors of dense TRM. Furthermore, the model predictions were validated using test data from Group B. In summary, the model accurately represented the stress–strain and dilatancy behaviors of TRM over a wide range of densities and pressures.     

关于国土资源“一张图”建设的思考

国土资源＂一张图＂建设作为国土资源信息＂十二五＂的重要工作,目前正在全国各级国土资源管理部门中如火如荼的开展,但对于国土资源＂一张图＂的定义和建设方法,全国并无统一的界定和设计,本文在对目前全国各地国土资源＂一张图＂建设进行综合分析的基础上,提出了作者自己关于国土资源＂一张图＂建设的思考。     

Fear,crime, and space: The case of Viçosa,Brazil

Crime is both a factual and perceptual component of the urban landscape, seemingly both a societal pathology and the consequence of economic disparity between social groups. Crime has a spatial structure that can be revealed by mapping. Urban crime has a spatial multiplier effect that changes the values and perceptions of how people see urban space, and which jeopardizes the quality of life of a city's inhabitants. In this research we examine the question of whether the geography of actual criminal acts is echoed by peoples' perceptions of crime, what might be termed their “spaces of fear”. We ask how the fear of crime is associated with reported urban crime. Urban crime incidents have been increasing in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We assembled crime information about Viçosa from two sources: first, crime as reported to the police and second, crime as perceived by city residents and measured by surveys and interviews. Reported criminal acts reveal a clustered geography, focusing particularly on the Downtown area, where there is a concentration of urban wealth and potential victims are more numerous. Offenses against property were focused on Downtown, while offenses against the person were located mostly in peripheral areas. The widespread feeling of insecurity in the city's neighborhoods, reflecting the fear of becoming a victim of violence and crime, was common throughout the city. Results confirmed the conclusion of past studies showing that the fear of violence and crime are not directly related to increasing numbers of criminal reports. Sites with higher incidence of crimes are not places with higher levels of fear. Rather than being geographically explainable “spaces of fear”, the spatial distribution of the fear of violence and crime appears to be unrelated in Viçosa, and neither is clustered or dispersed in any measurable way.     

Violence Change and Cohort Trajectories: Baltimore Neighborhoods, 1990-20001

Whereas the relationship between poverty and violence is incontrovertible in the American city, demographic relationships at the neighborhood level are relatively poorly understood. Patterns of violence and population change are examined at the census tract level in Baltimore, Maryland across the decade from 1990 to 2000. Aggravated assault and homicide are combined and used as a composite indicator of serious violence. Population data are examined for selected tracts representative of anomalous outliers experiencing population decline but increased violence. The data are broken down into five-year cohorts represented graphically at their beginning (1990) and end (2000) points. The analysis indicates that some neighborhoods have experienced collapse of youthful cohorts. Normally, a decline in youthful population would predict a reduction in crime, but this analysis suggests that at the neighborhood scale criminogenic processes may affect neighborhoods somewhat independently of their demographic attributes. Most notably, population decline at the neighborhood level may be accompanied by crime increase, contrary to macrolevel theoretical expectation.