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61.
Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical study of water in the karst aquifer and submarine springs of the Syrian coast 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The groundwater of major karst systems and submarine springs in the coastal limestone aquifer of Syria has been investigated using chemical and isotopic techniques. The δ18O values of groundwater range from ?6.8 to ?5.05‰, while those for submarine springs vary from ?6.34 to +1.08‰ (eastern Mediterranean seawater samples have a mean of +1.7‰). Groundwater originates from the direct infiltration of atmospheric water. Stable isotopes show that the elevation of the recharge zones feeding the Banyas area (400–600 m a.s.l.) is higher than that feeding the Amrit area (100–300 m a.s.l.). The 18Oextracted (18O content of the seawater contribution) for the major submarine springs suggests a mean recharge area elevation of 600–700 m a.s.l., and lower than 400 m a.s.l. for the spring close to Amrit. Based on the measured velocity and the percentage of fresh water at the submarine springs outlet, the estimated discharge rate is 350 million m3/year. The tritium concentrations in groundwater (1.6–5.9 TU) are low and very close to the current rainfall values (2.9–5.6 TU). Adopting a model with exponential time distribution, the mean turnover time of groundwater in the Al-sen spring was evaluated to be 60 years. A value of about 3.7 billion m3 was obtained for the maximum groundwater reservoir size. 相似文献
62.
The Winnipeg Formation is the basal sedimentary unit throughout much of southern and central Manitoba, Canada, where it forms
a regional aquifer over most of its extent. This aquifer is an important source of water in southeastern Manitoba and in Manitoba’s
Interlake area, but in most other areas, groundwater within the aquifer is saline. Chemical and isotopic evidence indicate
the presence of groundwaters of three different origins: (1) basin brines; (2) modern meteoric recharge; and (3) subglacial
recharge that occurred during the late Pleistocene. Hydraulic head and sedimentary facies distributions indicate that the
flow system in parts of the area is not in a state of equilibrium and saline waters will encroach on areas currently occupied
by freshwater in some areas, while in other areas, freshwater will replace saline water. These features must be considered
in groundwater resource management, as groundwater withdrawals will likely hasten these processes.
Resumen La Formación Winnipeg es la unidad sedimentaria basal en la mayor parte de Manitoba central, Canadá, donde forma un acuífero regional en la mayor parte de su extensión. Este acuífero es una fuente importante de agua en el Sureste de Manitoba y el área de entrelagos de Manitoba, pero en la mayoría de las otras zonas del acuífero, el agua es salina. Las evidencias químicas e isotópicas indican que existen aguas subterráneas de tres orígenes diferentes: (1) salmueras de cuenca; (2) recarga meteórica actual; y (3) recarga subglacial ocurrida durante el Pleistoceno Superior. Los niveles piezométricos y la distribución de las facies sedimentarias indican que el sistema de flujo no se encuentra en estado de equilibrio en parte del área y las aguas salinas irán invadiendo áreas actualmente ocupadas con aguas dulces, mientras que en otras zonas el agua dulce está reemplazando al agua salina. Estos hechos deben ser considerados en la gestión de las aguas subterráneas como recurso, ya que las extracciones de agua acelerarán probablemente estos procesos.
Résumé La Formation de Winnipeg est l’unité sédimentaire de base sur la plus grande partie du Sud et du centre du Manitoba au Canada, où elle forme un aquifère régional sur pratiquement toute son extension. Cet aquifère représente une ressource en eau importante dans le Sud-Est du Manitoba et dans les zones d’entre les lacs, mais salée dans la plus part des autres zones. Les indications isotopiques et chimiques permettent de distinguer trois différentes origines des eaux souterraines: (1) les saumures de bassin; (2) la recharge météoritique moderne; (3) la recharge sub-glaciaire qui est apparue durant le Pléistocène récent. Les charges hydrauliques et la distribution des faciès sédimentaires indiquent que le système d’écoulement dans certaines zones n’est pas dans un état d’équilibre et que les eaux salées empièteront sur des zones d’eau douce, tandis que dans d’autres zones l’eau douce remplacera les eaux salées. Ces aspects doivent être considérés dans la gestion des ressources en eau souterraine, car le prélèvement des eaux souterraines pourrait accentuer ces processus.相似文献
63.
K. W. Keatings I. Hawkes J. A. Holmes R. J. Flower M. J. Leng R. H. Abu-Zied A. R. Lord 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(2):261-283
The utility of ostracod-based palaeoenvironmental reconstruction was evaluated using instrumental data for Lake Qarun, Egypt.
The euryhaline ostracod Cyprideis torosa was the only species found in the lake’s recent sediment record. This species is known to tolerate salinity levels and water
solute compositions that may prevent colonisation by other species. Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of ostracod carbonate
from lake sediments covary with changes in instrumental values for lake level and salinity for the period 1890–1974. δ13C-values correlate negatively with lake water salinity (r
2 = 0.87) and δ18O-values correlate negatively with measured lake level changes (r
2 = 0.41). Other ostracod proxy data provide qualitative information on lake level trends. Fossil assemblage data (juvenile/adult
and valve/carapace ratios and valve preservation) provide information on wave energy. Ecophenotypic variation of C. torosa valves provided some useful palaeolimnological information. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in ostracods were not found to reflect
water composition, due to the uncoupling of these ratios with salinity in Lake Qarun. Overall, our results highlight the need
to calibrate ostracod proxy data in modern systems prior to their use for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. 相似文献
64.
中国东南沿海中-新生代玄武岩微量元素和Nd-Sr-Pb同位素研究 总被引:8,自引:4,他引:8
本文对中国东南沿海不含幔源包体的中生代玄武岩和含幔源包体的新生代玄武岩进行了微量元素和Nd-Sr-Pb同位素对比研究。中生代玄武岩呈Ta、Nb和Hf负异常,低Ce/Pb、Nb/U比值和高La/Nb比值,与岛弧火山岩和陆壳岩石的微量元素特征相类似,说明在岩浆生成和上升过程中,幔源组分受到了陆壳组分的混染。新生代玄武岩呈Ta、Nb正异常和Pb负异常,高Ce/Pb、Nb/U比值和低La/Nb比值,与海岛玄武岩(OIB)相类似,Nd-Sr同位素成分与夏威夷玄武岩类似,因而它们未受明显的陆壳混染。143Nd/144Nd与206Pb/204Pb之间的负相关关系和87Sr/86Sr与206Pb/204Pb之间的正相关关系说明本区新生代玄武岩起源于中等亏损程度的软流圈地幔,并与EMII富集地幔组分发生了混合。 相似文献
65.
66.
67.
68.
A. El Ouali J. Mudry J. Mania P. Chauve N. Elyamine M. Marzouk 《Environmental Geology》1999,38(2):171-176
The Errachidia basin is composed of three superposed aquifers (Senonian, Turonian limestones and Infracenomanian). The Liassic
limestone of the upper Atlas borders the northern part of the basin. The piezometric map of the Turonian aquifer displays
a north-south flow, with an inflow area from the Atlas. This recharge hypothesis is demontrated by a discriminant analysis
performed on chemical data: the majority of the spots are of sodium choride and hydrogenocarbonate types, while several boreholes
are assigned to a calcium hydrogenocarbonate type Jurassic component.
18O measurements, using the Atlasic gradient δ18O=–4.18–0.0027 x elevation to estimate the recharge areas, confirm that the recharge area is the basin itself (<1100 m) on
the Turonian outcrops, while in the confined part, the Turonian is recharged higher than 1400 m (corresponding to the Atlas).
This contribution ranges from 56 to 85%, according to the situation versus the piezometric inflow area. The remainder represents
infiltration and vertical leakage from the Senonian layers. 相似文献
69.
A condition is derived for consistency of the standard-equation with Monin–Obukhov (MO) similarity theory of thestably-stratified surface layer. The condition is derivedby extending the procedure used to derive the analogous condition forneutral theory to stable stratification. It is shown that consistencywith MO theory requires a function of flux Richardson number, Rif, to be absorbed into either of two closure parameters, c 1 or c 2.Inconsistency, on the other hand, results if constant values of these are maintained for all Rif, as is done in standardapplication of the equation, and the large overpredictions ofturbulence found in such application to the one-dimensionalstable atmospheric boundary layer (1D-SBL) are traced to thisinconsistency. Guided by this, we formulate a MO-consistent-equation by absorbing the aforementioned function intoc 1, and combine this with a Level-2.5 second-orderclosure model for vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivities.Numerical predictions of the 1D-SBL by the modified model converge to a quasi-steady state, rectifying the predictive failure of the standard -equation for the case.Quasi-steady predictions of non-dimensional variables agree stronglywith Nieuwstadt's theory. Qualitative accuracy of predictionsis inferred from comparisons to field data, large-eddy simulationresults and Rossby-number similarity relationships. 相似文献
70.
The world-class Idrija mercury deposit (western Slovenia) is hosted by highly deformed Permocarboniferous to Middle Triassic sedimentary rocks within a complex tectonic structure at the transition between the External Dinarides and the Southern Alps. Concordant and discordant mineralization formed concomitant with Middle Triassic bimodal volcanism in an aborted rift. A multiple isotopic (C, O, S) investigation of host rocks and ore minerals was performed to put constraints on the source and composition of the fluid, and the hydrothermal alteration. The distributions of the 13C and 18O values of host and gangue carbonates are indicative of a fracture-controlled hydrothermal system, with locally high fluid-rock ratios. Quantitative modeling of the 13C and 18O covariation for host carbonates during temperature dependent fluid-rock interaction, and concomitant precipitation of void-filling dolomites points to a slightly acidic hydrothermal fluid (13C–4 and 18O+10), which most likely evolved during isotopic exchange with carbonates under low fluid/rock ratios. The 34S values of hydrothermal and sedimentary sulfur minerals were used to re-evaluate the previously proposed magmatic and evaporitic sulfur sources for the mineralization, and to assess the importance of other possible sulfur sources such as the contemporaneous seawater sulfate, sedimentary pyrite, and organic sulfur compounds. The 34S values of the sulfides show a large variation at deposit down to hand-specimen scale. They range for cinnabar and pyrite from –19.1 to +22.8, and from –22.4 to +59.6, respectively, suggesting mixing of sulfur from different sources. The peak of 34S values of cinnabar and pyrite close to 0 is compatible with ore sulfur derived dominantly from a magmatic fluid and/or from hydrothermal leaching of basement rocks. The similar stratigraphic trends of the 34S values of both cinnabar and pyrite suggest a minor contribution of sedimentary sulfur (pyrite and organic sulfur) to the ore formation. Some of the positive 34S values are probably derived from thermochemical reduction of evaporitic and contemporaneous seawater sulfates.Editorial handling: P. Lattanzi 相似文献