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41.
Oxygen deficient perovskites in the system CaSiO3–CaAlO2.5 and implications for the Earth’s interior
U. W. Bläß F. Langenhorst D. J. Frost F. Seifert 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(6):363-376
Oxygen deficient perovskites of the system CaSiO3–CaAlO2.5 have been synthesised at high-pressure and -temperature conditions relevant to the Earth’s transition zone in order to investigate
their stabilities in the Earth’s mantle and determine structural properties associated with vacancy incorporation. Two polysomes
of thermodynamically stable defect perovskites with Ca(Al0.4Si0.6)O2.8 and Ca(Al0.5Si0.5)O2.75 stoichiometry have been identified. The ordering of oxygen defects into pseudo-cubic (111) layers results in well-ordered
ten- or eightfold superstructures, respectively. At all other compositions examined, a metastable formation of perovskites
has been observed instead, which are assumed to grow initially disordered. These are now characterised by tiny domains, formed
due to subsequent ordering of vacancies along various pseudo-cubic {111} layers. Both ordered defect perovskites show a large
P–T stability field ranging from about 9–18 GPa and 4–12 GPa, respectively. Microstructural TEM analyses revealed the presence
of growth and ferroelastic twins, which indicate a phase transition from rhombohedral to monoclinic symmetry during quenching.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy of Si and Al K edges point at the presence of tetrahedral, octahedral and maybe some pentacoordinated silicon, whereas aluminium is predominantly
octahedrally coordinated with minor fractions in lower coordination. Observed properties are interpreted in terms of a new
structural model, explaining the observed phase transition and formation of different twin laws as well as giving reasons
for the development of such large superstructures. With respect to phase relations of the transition zone, the potential occurrence
of such defect perovskites in the Earth’s interior is discussed. 相似文献
42.
Based on the Bayesian principle and the fact that GPS carrier-phase ambiguities are integers, the posterior distribution
of the ambiguities and the position parameters is derived. This is then used to derive the maximum posterior likelihood solution
of the ambiguities. The accuracy of the integer ambiguity solution and the position parameters is also studied according to
the posterior distribution. It is found that the accuracy of the integer solution depends not only on the variance of the
corresponding float ambiguity solution but also on its values.
Received: 27 July 1999 / Accepted: 22 November 2000 相似文献
43.
44.
By employing Arnol’d’s method (energy-Casimir), this paper has studied the nonlinear stability of the two-layer generalized
Phillips’ model for which the top and bottom surfaces are either rigid or free, and obtained some nonlinear stability criteria.
In addition, some linear stability criteria are obtained by normal mode method. The results reveal the influences of the free
surface parameter on the stability of atmospheric and oceanic motions. 相似文献
45.
本文对于第一类算子方程当右端近似给定和当算子与右端皆近似分别给定时,讨论如何确定正则参数。并给出吉洪诺夫正则解的收敛性和渐近阶估计。 相似文献
46.
47.
48.
Influence of earthquakes on the stability of slopes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Robert Hack Dinand Alkema Gerard A.M. Kruse Noud Leenders Lucia Luzi 《Engineering Geology》2007,91(1):4-15
Earthquakes are a major trigger for instability of natural and man-made slopes. Often the instability of slopes due to an earthquake causes more destruction and kills more people than the actual earthquake itself. A comparison is made between different methodologies to analyze the potential stability of slopes during earthquakes. Theoretically, it seems simple to calculate the stability of a slope during an earthquake. In reality, however, the stability is influenced by so many parameters that are either not known or which influence is so poorly known that a decent estimation of stability cannot be made. Offshore the situation is worse because proper data required for stability calculations are even less available than onshore. On- and offshore, erosion and weathering create continuously slopes that may become unstable during a future earthquake, offshore also sedimentation creates continuously new slopes. Another fundamental problem in stability analysis is the complicated and largely unknown behavior of seismic waves in three-dimensions in natural materials. The lack of accurate data and the unknown behavior of seismic waves in three-dimensions make estimations of slope stability during an earthquake unreliable. 相似文献
49.
50.
A classification system for the assessment of slope stability of terrains along highway routes in Jordan 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The establishment of comprehensive development plans, in general, and the proper selection of highway routes, in particular,
require an assessment of landslides or instability hazards in the project sites. The frequent landslides that occurred along
the routes of major highways in Jordan, and particularly along the Amman-Na'ur-Dead Sea highway and Irbid-Jerash-Amman highway,
have substantially increased the cost of construction and caused a considerable delay in the completion of work. The study
of many landslides that occurred in the last 25 years along the highway routes and in the sites of some major civil engineering
projects in Jordan has led to the recognition of major factors that affect the stability of slopes, and thus the safety and
economics of these projects. The geological formation, structural features, topographic characteristics, geometry, and climatic
conditions were adopted as the basis for the classification of terrains in terms of their stability. Each factor has been
assigned a rating to indicate its relative contribution to the overall stability according to engineering judgment and past
experience. The areas have been classified into 5 groups according to their total stability rate. The simplicity, comprehensiveness,
and accuracy are the main characteristics of the proposed classification. Its significance stems from its helpfulness as a
guide to the geotechnical and highway engineers in assessing the overall stability of the alternative routes of proposed highway
projects.
Received: 3 December 1996 · Accepted: 29 April 1997 相似文献