Numerical Modelling Of Turbulent Airflow Over Water Waves

A nonlinear numerical model is developed for turbulent boundary-layer flowover a train of water waves of finite amplitude or slope. The airflow isassumed to be steady, two-dimensional, and neutrally-stratified. The wavesurface is assumed to be aerodynamically rough and flow conditions at thewave surface are prescribed. The numerical model used in this study adoptsthree turbulence closure schemes with different degrees of physicalcompleteness. Two of these are second-order schemes, whichare believed to describe turbulent flow more completely than thesimpler closures used in most previous studies. Although models with all turbulence closures agree qualitatively in the prediction of the amplitude of the surface normal stress perturbation, the lower- and higher-order closures differ significantly in predictions of phase, and hence the form drag and energy transfer rate between wind and waves. Our model results are in reasonable agreement with field and laboratory measurements, although predicted energy transfer rates are generally at the low end of the range of experimental values. Cases with airflow at various angles to the wave direction are also considered.     

云开元古宙眼球状花岗岩Sm—Nd和Rb—Sr同位素体系定年及其动力学意义

对云开核部韧性-流变剪切变形眼球状花岗岩石样品进行了全岩Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr同位素年龄测定,获得1414±68Ma的Sm-Nd等时线和490±36Ma的Rb-Sr等时线年龄,它们分别代表这套花岗岩的形成时代和加里东期韧性-流变剪切部分熔融构造热事件发生时间,表明云开地区不仅在加里东期发生造山运动,而且在中元古晚期发生了更为重要的构造—岩浆造山运动,其时代与全球性的格林威尔造山运动时间可以对比。     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层天然气同位素倒转现象研究

天然气的同位素组成受源岩有机质类型、热演化程度和成藏后的次生变化等多种因素的影响, 其单体烃同位素分布特征是区分各种因素影响程度的地球化学指纹.天然气单体烃同位素通常有随碳数增加而变重的趋势, 而徐家围子深层天然气单体烃同位素倒转现象却比较普遍, 高地温和细菌氧化对于造成该区同位素倒转的可能性不大, 浅层油型气或无机气的混合作用没有充分的地质证据, 同层有机质中不同类型气的混合和盖层微渗漏造成的蒸发分馏作用可能是导致徐家围子断陷深层天然气同位素倒转的主要原因.      

Deep subduction of mantle-derived garnet peridotites from the Su-Lu UHP metamorphic terrane in China

Garnet peridotites from the southern Su‐Lu ultra‐high‐pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terrane, eastern China, contain porphyroblastic garnet with aligned inclusions comprising a low‐P–T mineral assemblage (chlorite, hornblende, Na‐gedrite, Na‐phlogopite, talc, spinel and pyrite). Orthopyroxene porphyroblasts show fine exsolution lamellae of clinopyroxene and minor chromite. A clinopyroxene inclusion in garnet shows some orthopyroxene exsolution lamellae. Both the rims of porphyroblastic pyroxene and garnet and the matrix pyroxene and garnet crystallized at the expense of olivine. This is interpreted as a result of metasomatism of the peridotites by an SiO₂‐rich melt at UHP conditions. A chromian garnet further overgrew on the rims of the garnet. The X_Mg values (Mg/(Mg+Fe)) of porphyroblastic garnet decrease from core to rim and vary in different peridotite samples, while the compositions of both the porphyroblastic and the matrix pyroxene are similar in terms of Ca–Mg–Fe. The Mg‐rich cores of porphyroblastic garnet and orthopyroxene record high temperatures and pressures (c. 1000 °C, ≥5.1 GPa), whereas the matrix minerals, including the rims of porphyroblasts, record much lower P–T (c. 4.2 GPa, c. 760 °C). Sm–Nd data give apparent isochron ages of c. 380 Ma and negative ε_Nd(0) values (c.?9). These dates are considered meaningless due to isotopic disequilibrium between garnet cores and the rest of the rocks. The isotopic disequilibrium was probably caused by metasomatism of the peridotites by melt/fluids derived from the coevally subducted crustal materials. On the other hand, the Rb–Sr isotopic systems of phlogopite and clinopyroxene appear to have reached equilibrium and record a cooling age of c. 205 Ma. It is suggested that the garnet peridotites were originally emplaced into a low‐P–T environment prior to the c. 220 Ma continental collision, during which they were subducted together with crustal rocks to mantle depth and subjected to UHP metamorphism. An important corollary is that at least some of the coevally subducted crustal rocks in the Su‐Lu terrane have been subjected to peak metamorphism at P–T conditions much higher than presently estimated (≥2.7 GPa, ≤800 °C).     

壳幔Rb—Sr混合等时线及其地质意义

本文利用二元混合模型讨论了壳幔物质的不同混合环境对Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线年龄的影响。一般情况下,混合作用将使岩体的同位素年龄变大;若地壳物质在混合之前经受过Ｒｂ丢失和（或）Ｓｒ获得事件,则等时线斜率的变化较大,可能得到很大的年龄和异常低的初始同位素比值,甚至斜率为负值。对一组分离的底辟小岩体而言,同一底辟岩体作矿物内部等时线能够得到结晶年龄,但用不同岩体的全岩得到的等时线则可能给出围岩年龄（条件是各底辟     

同位素地层和土壤地层及其在第四纪研究中的应用

同位素地层和土壤地层是在多元地层划分理论的基础上,为适应第四纪高分辨率古环境研究的需要而建立起来的两种地层划分的方法。这两种地层划分方法在第四纪古环境的研究中显示了很强的生命力。     

Lead Isotopic Steep-Dipping Zone and Mineralization—An Example from Mineral Deposits Concentrated Area in East Qinling,China

INTRODUCTIONBecause of the inhomogeneity of material composition andtexture in the earth lithosphere,on the margins of differentearth blocks often exists the change of geochemicalcharacteristic values and geophysical gradients. The Pb-isotopetopological diagram which divides different Pb-isotopeprovinces within Chinese continent shows (Zhu,1995) thatsome margins of the Proterozoic basement or boundaries ofancient plates are presented as geochemical steep-dippingzones. The Pb-isotopic co…     

武当地块主要地质事件年代学研究

武当地块是南秦岭构造带内一系列前寒武纪地块之一 ,古生代以来经历过 3次重要的构造变形 ,即伸展作用、逆冲推覆作用和造山晚期走滑构造作用。运用4 0 Ar/39Ar阶段升温、4 0 Ar/39Ar激光探针及Sm Nd等时线等多种测年方法确定伸展构造发生于 4 2 3～ 2 6 1Ma、逆冲推覆构造发生于 2 34～ 2 0 0Ma ,表明伸展构造可能分别与商丹缝合带的碰撞及勉略洋的拉开有关 ,称之为同碰撞伸展构造 ,而武当地块内发育的逆冲推覆构造则应是华北板块与扬子板块沿勉略带发生碰撞的结果。     

晋陕蒙接壤地区岩溶地下水与黄河水环境同位素特征分析

本文通过晋陕蒙接壤地区岩溶地下水与黄河水环境同位素特征的分析、研究,得出由补给区→迳流区→排泄区,岩溶水氚值由高变低, 14C年龄具有由低逐渐升高的变化规律;利用同位素的高程效应,计算得到岩溶水补给区的补给高程为1500～1600m;利用氚值的衰变估算,岩溶地下水的运移速度为3. 8～2. 1km /a,反映出岩溶水由补给→排泄区由快到慢的运动过程。文中还利用黄河水与岩溶水的氚值,估算了黄河西岸岩溶水中有25%来自黄河水入渗,75%来自东部岩溶水的补给。      

平顶山矿区煤层气合作井中氮气含量偏高问题探讨

根据平顶山矿区两口煤层气合作井所获得的有关参数,针对合作井煤层天然气组分氮气含量偏高的问题,对测试样品进行了全面综合剖析,解释了平顶山煤层中氮气的来源及氮气含量偏高的原因。