Formation and evolution of the Archean continental crust of China: A review

The mainland of China is composed of the North China Craton, the South China Craton, the Tarim Craton and other young orogenic belts. Amongst the three cratons, the North China Craton has been studied most and noted for its widely-distributed Archean basement rocks. In this paper, we assess and compare the geology, rock types, formation age and geochemical composition features of the Archean basements of the three cratons. They have some common characteristics, including the fact that the crustal rocks prior to the Paleoarchean and the supracrustal rocks of the Neoarchean were preserved, and Tonalite-Trondhjemtite-Granodiorite (TTG) magmatism and tectono-magmatism occurred at about 2.7 Ga and about 2.5 Ga respectively. The Tarim Craton and the North China Craton show more similarities in their early Precambrian crustal evolution. Significant findings on the Archean basement of the North China Craton are concluded to be: (1) the tectonic regime in the early stage (>3.1 Ga) is distinct from modern plate tectonics; (2) the continental crust accretion occurred mostly from the late Mesoarchean to the early Neoarchean period; (3) a huge linear tectonic belt already existed in the late Neoarchean period, suggesting the beginning of plate tectonics; and (4) the preliminary cratonization had already been completed by about 2.5 Ga. Hadean detrital zircons were found at a total of nine locations within China. Most of them show clear oscillatory zoning, sharing similar textures with magmatic zircons from intermediate-felsic magmatic rocks. This indicates that a fair quantity of continental material had already developed on Earth at that time.     

Petrogenesis of the microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves from Jiuling granitoids in the eastern segment of Jiangnan Orogen and constraints on magma source materials

Numerous dark enclaves with different shapes are found in Jiuling Neoproterozoic granitoids. Precise LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating was conducted on zircons extracted from two microcrystalline enclave samples, yielding crystallization ages of 822.6±5.8 Ma and 822.2±6.2 Ma, respectively. The consistent ages within analytical errors with the host granitoids suggested that they were the products of the same magmatism. The microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves commonly show plastic forms and contain similar plagioclase megacrysts to the host rocks, and both of the enclaves and host granitoids showed a complex composition and structural imbalance in plagioclases. Furthermore, the apatites with a euhedral acicular shape occurred widely in the microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves. All of these petrographic features above imply magma mixing is involved in their diagenesis. The enclaves and host granitoids show a marked zircon trace element difference and Hf isotopic signatures without correlation in zircon trace element pairs but form their own system between enclaves and host granitoids. Additionally, most of the zircons show extremely high ε_Hf (t) with ε_Hf (t) =3.54–11.94 from the southern samples, and ε_Hf (t) =1.0–9.09 from the central region. Some zircons with the higher ε_Hf (t) are similar to the zircons from the juvenile island arc in the eastern segment of Jiangnan Orogen. Integrated geological and Hf isotopic characteristics suggest microcrystalline-dioritic enclaves were derived from the partial melting process of the Mesoproterozoic crust which enriched juvenile island arc materials and mixed with the granitic magma that remelted from the Mesoproterozoic continental crust which relatively enriched ancient sediments and mixed with the host granitoid in diagenesis.     

柴北缘达达肯乌拉山地区闪长岩锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及其构造意义

达达肯乌拉山位于柴达木盆地北缘中东部,区内发育闪长岩体,以小岩株形式产出。通过对达达肯乌拉山闪长岩岩石LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学特征的研究,获得闪长岩体的年龄为(240.5±1.7) Ma,属早印支期。闪长岩体的w(K_2O)较高,为2.03%～2.30%,w(Na2O)含量较低,为3.2%～3.44%,为一套准铝质及弱过铝质高K、低Na的高钾钙碱性型I型花岗岩。岩石稀土元素总量为158.35×10~(-6)～200.41×10~(-6),球粒陨石标准化曲线向右倾斜,重稀土元素曲线呈水平状,轻稀土元素富集,但负铕异常不明显,岩浆分异程度不高。岩石的La/Ta(54.32～68.51)、Sm/Nd(0.18～0.19)及Rb/Sr(0.11～0.19)比值特征反映该岩体岩浆具有壳幔混合的特点。通过构造判别,反映达达肯乌拉山岩体可能形成于俯冲陆壳断离、幔源岩浆底侵的地球动力学背景,在中央造山带早中生代统一的板块碰撞与挤压构造体制下,以滩间山蛇绿岩带为基础,发生陆壳俯冲和断离作用,并诱发幔源岩浆的底侵和下地壳物质的部分熔融,沿火山机构侵位形成达达肯乌拉山岩体。     

豫西崤山东部中河岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Lu-Hf同位素特征

中河花岗斑岩体位于河南省崤山东部,该岩体是最近发现的中河大型银铅锌矿床的成矿母岩。选取2件花岗斑岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得2件样品的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值分别为(129±0.7)Ma(MSWD=0.78)和(131±1.5)Ma(MSWD=1.70),表明中河岩体形成于早白垩世。岩石地球化学特征显示,中河岩体具有高的w(SiO_2)和w(K_2O)、低的w(Na_2O),其A/CNK比值为1.03~1.63,Mg#值介于25~50,总体上属于过铝质-强过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列。岩石具有低的w(Yb),中等-弱的铕负异常,稀土元素配分曲线为轻稀土元素富集型,轻稀土元素分馏相对强烈,但重稀土元素分馏不明显。中河岩体有相对低的w(Sr)和w(Y),且富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、U、K和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Hf、Ti和重稀土元素。中河岩体锆石εHf(t)值为-34.4~-23.2,平均为-26.9,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄介于2485~3182 Ma,平均为2714 Ma。岩石地球化学特征及Hf同位素组成表明中河岩体的岩浆源区主要为新太古代地壳物质,并有少量的中太古代地壳物质,中-新太古代增生的具有弧岩浆特征的地壳物质部分熔融形成了早白垩世的中河岩体。     

内蒙古丰镇市泉子沟斑岩钼矿床成岩成矿年代学及其地质意义

泉子沟斑岩钼矿床位于内蒙古丰镇市,地处华北克拉通北缘内蒙古台隆凉城断隆内。矿区出露一套燕山期花岗质杂岩体——红娘山杂岩体,主要由中粗粒花岗岩、似斑状花岗岩和石英斑岩组成,钼矿体主要赋存于似斑状花岗岩中。文章在详细的野外地质调查基础上,对泉子沟矿床的成岩成矿时代进行了详细研究,并探讨了地质意义。5件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(158.8±2.2)Ma~(161.5±2.2)Ma之间,其加权平均值为(159.8±1.0)Ma(MSWD=0.92),等时线年龄为(161.7±3.1)Ma(MSWD=1.40)。红娘山杂岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为:中粗粒花岗岩结晶年龄为(173±1)Ma(MSWD=0.88),似斑状花岗岩侵位年龄为(162±1)Ma(MSWD=0.40),石英斑岩结晶年龄为(160±2)Ma(MSWD=1.90)。辉钼矿Re-Os和锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,泉子沟钼矿床形成于晚侏罗世早期,成矿与似斑状花岗岩关系密切。泉子沟钼矿床的辉钼矿w(Re)介于16.49×10~(-6)~32.87×10~(-6),暗示成矿物质主要来自下地壳。     

皖南东至兆吉口铅锌矿床成矿时代的厘定及其找矿指示意义

皖南东至兆吉口铅锌矿床是近年来在江南过渡带西段新发现的一个规模达中型的中-低温热液型矿床。目前揭露的铅锌矿体均赋存于东至断裂带及其西侧次级张(扭)性断裂及裂隙中。文章选取了该矿床主要矿石矿物闪锌矿以及与主成矿阶段金属硫化物紧密共生的石英,分别采用流体包裹体Rb-Sr法和40Ar-39Ar法进行同位素地质年龄测定。4件闪锌矿样品获得流体包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(128±1)Ma;2件石英样品获得流体包裹体40Ar-39Ar坪年龄分别为(128.74±3.02)Ma和(128.19±1.98)Ma,等时线年龄分别为(128.81±5.25)Ma和(128.30±3.47)Ma,反等时线年龄分别为(128.82±5.24)Ma和(128.31±3.47)Ma。同位素地质年龄测试结果基本一致,表明兆吉口铅锌矿床形成于128 Ma左右,成矿时代为早白垩世。该成矿年龄与赋矿闪长玢岩的形成时间((129.0±2.3)Ma~(128.4±2.7)Ma)一致,也与东至断裂燕山晚期的活动年龄((126.3±2.2)Ma)相近,表明该矿床成矿与燕山晚期的构造-岩浆活动密切相关,此时区域构造背景为强烈挤压后的伸展环境。这一矿化事件在成矿时代上明显晚于长江中下游成矿带中的断隆区(如铜陵、安庆-贵池等矿集区)的铜金多金属矿床和皖南成矿带中的钨钼多金属矿床(136 Ma),而与长江中下游成矿带断坳区的玢岩铁矿床的成矿时间(135~127 Ma)相近,指示长江中下游成矿带与皖南成矿带之间的江南过渡带中发育有燕山晚期较晚阶段(128 Ma左右)的铅锌矿化事件,为今后在该区开展铅锌多金属矿床找矿勘探提供了重要依据。     

福建霞浦大湾钼铍矿区碱长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年研究

福建霞浦大湾钼铍矿床产于火山岩区,但成矿作用可能与岩浆活动和裂隙构造关系密切。为查清矿区隐伏的钠长石化碱长花岗岩与钼铍矿成矿作用之间的关系,本文运用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)对碱长花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb测年研究,获得年龄结果为93. 0±0. 6 Ma,与矿区的辉钼矿成矿年龄(92. 2±1. 3 Ma)一致,表明碱长花岗岩与钼铍矿成矿作用时空上具有密切的成因联系,岩浆活动可能为矿区钼铍矿的形成提供了成矿物质和成矿流体。结合区域上的成岩成矿年代学数据,本研究认为福建省燕山期岩浆活动时代与钼铍矿成矿时代都具有从西向东逐渐变新的时空分布规律,钼铍矿的成矿地质构造背景为燕山期华南岩石圈伸展环境。     

大兴安岭十八站—韩家园地区中酸性侵入岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

大兴安岭北部塔河县十八站—呼玛县韩家园地区发育早古生代中酸性侵入岩。文章选取二长闪长岩和二长花岗岩开展岩石年代学与地球化学研究。二长闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为512.4±3.5 Ma,为早—中寒武世岩浆作用的产物。岩石地球化学分析表明,中酸性侵入岩归属于准铝质—弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.77~1.04)钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列。岩石稀土总量∑REE=69.51×10~(-6)~275.83×10~(-6),轻重稀土分异明显(La/Yb)_N=9.11~26.64。在稀土元素配分图上,显示为LREE富集、HREE相对平缓的右倾型,Eu异常不显著(δEu=0.90~1.35)。微量元素组成具明显富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr,显著亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti的特征。结合区域资料和本文研究,初步分析认为早古生代侵入体形成于活动大陆边缘或岛弧环境,为前古亚洲洋闭合背景下萨拉伊尔造山作用的产物。     

用化石天长计算地球年龄的方法及意义——如何理解地球年龄

天长（一天时长）是地球自转速度的直接反映。古生代-中生代化石记录的天长数据表明,古生代-中生代期间的天长随时间呈线性增加。根据角动量守恒定律,这意味着同时段地球自转速度呈线性衰减。如果把这个趋势应用于地球历史的全过程,计算结果为4.519～4.495 Ga,与目前公认的地球绝对年龄4.54 Ga一致。这意味着,从这个时间点起,地球有一种自转速度衰减的总趋势。地球自转速度衰减年龄等值于地球年龄说明：1）所测量的陨石样本生成的时间（表征地球年龄）与地球受月球吸引形成自转减速的时间几乎相同。这意味着地-月体系形成之前的地球比该陨石表征的地球年龄更为古老。2）地球、月球、自转速度衰减时长,三者的年龄呈现等值状态,因而此结果与月球起源于大碰撞的假说可以匹配。     

煤渣改良土的抗冻能力及损伤特性研究

为研究煤渣改良土作为季节冻土区路基填料的抗冻能力,以不同煤渣掺量及不同养护龄期下的煤渣改良土为研究对象,利用GDS三轴试验系统开展了不同冻融次数下改良土的三轴压缩试验,获得了最佳的煤渣掺量及养护时间数据,提出冻融及加载综合影响下改良土的总损伤变量,并据此建立了损伤本构关系。结果表明：改良土的抗冻能力随着煤渣掺入量的增大出现先增强后减弱的变化趋势,随龄期的增长而逐渐增强。冻融循环对改良土物理力学性质的影响主要集中在前5次循环过程,超过5次后影响逐渐减弱。冻融加载总损伤变量能够较好地反映冻融及加载过程中改良土性质的劣化,据此建立的损伤本构关系具有一定的精度,可以为季节冻土区煤渣改良土路基工程提供参考。