浅谈岩土工程勘察报告的编写

岩土工程勘察报告是建筑地基基础设计和施工的重要依据。报告要充分搜集利用相关的工程地质资料,做到内容齐全,论据充足,重点突出,正确评价建筑场地条件、地基岩土条件和特殊问题,为工程设计和施工提供合理适用的建议。     

The response of flexible pipes buried in sand to static surface stress

A series of laboratory tests on thin-walled PVC-U (i.e. very flexible) pipes buried in sand is described. The tests were conducted in a glass-fronted test tank, the pipe being positioned up against the glass with its longitudinal axis perpendicular to the glass. This allowed direct observation of the sand–pipe interactions. Photographs were taken through the glass allowing discrete measurement of pipe and soil displacements during pipe installation and subsequent surface loading. This paper discusses the influences on pipe response of installation method, cover depth and pipe stiffness as increasing static surface stress was applied. The results of the laboratory tests indicate very clearly the importance of well-controlled backfilling around flexible buried pipes to ensure their long-term performance. The stiffness of the pipe affects the way it behaves and hence its performance in resisting applied stresses. This is demonstrated by the observed changes in arching effects above pipes of different stiffness. The effect of increasing cover depth is demonstrated and confirms previous research findings regarding the influence of the ground surface on pipe performance. The results clearly demonstrate the valuable insight afforded by direct observation of the soil–pipe interaction during installation and the subsequent loading of flexible pipes.     

Incrementalization of a single hardening constitutive model for frictional materials

The governing equations for an elasto‐plastic constitutive model for frictional materials such as soil, rock, and concrete are presented, and the incremental form is indicated in preparation for implementation of the model in a user‐defined module for finite element calculations. This isotropic, work‐hardening and ‐softening model employs a single yield surface, it incorporates non‐associated plastic flow, and its capability of capturing the behaviour of different types of frictional materials under various three‐dimensional conditions has been demonstrated by comparison with measured behaviour, as presented in the literature. The incrementalization procedure is indicated and the resulting equations for the single hardening model are presented together with parameters for a dense sand. Following the implementation of the model, these parameters are used for evaluation of different integration schemes as presented in a companion paper by Jakobsen and Lade (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2002; 26 :661). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水产试验设计的SAS实施方法

本文通过两个实例讨论水产试验设计的结果数据在ＳＡＳ系统上实施统计分析的方法。实例一考察不同温度和盐度对鲻鱼总孵化百分率的影响的带有４个丢失单元的５×６因子设计，调用ＲＳＲＥＳ过程作二次响应曲面回归分析，结果表明当温度为２７．０４℃、盐度为３１．９５‰可获得最大总孵化百分率９９．０７％；实例二调用ＮＬＩＮ过程拟合罗氏沼虾的生长曲线，由ＳＡＳ系统直接输出实测值对出生天数和预测值对出生天数的重迭散布图。     

Uncertainties in DRAINMOD predictions of subsurface drain flow for an Indiana silt loam using the GLUE methodology

Good modelling practice requires the incorporation of uncertainty analysis into hydrologic/water quality models. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation procedure was used to evaluate the uncertainty in DRAINMOD predictions of daily, monthly, and yearly subsurface drain flow. A variance‐based sensitivity analysis technique, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test, was used to identify the main sources of prediction uncertainty. The analysis was conducted for the experimental drainage field at the Southeast Purdue Agricultural Center in Indiana. Six years of data were used and the uncertainties in eight model parameters were considered to analyse how uncertainties in input parameters propagate to model outputs. The width of 90% confidence interval bands of drain flow ranged from 0 to 0·6 cm day^?1 for daily predictions, from 0 to 3·1 cm month^?1 for the monthly predictions, and from 7·6 to 12·4 cm year^?1 for yearly predictions. Annual drain flow predicted by DRAINMOD fell well within the 90% confidence bounds. Model results were most sensitive to the vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity of the restrictive layer and the lateral hydraulic conductivity of the deepest soil layer, followed by the lateral hydraulic conductivity of the top soil layer and surface micro‐storage. Parameter interactions also contributed to the prediction uncertainty. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国粮食生产效率空间溢出网络及提升路径

现有研究普遍关注粮食生产单元自身资源禀赋以及功能属性,对于经济主体相互作用所产生的外部性研究十分有限。为此,本文在空间引力模型的基础上着重分析网络外部性对粮食生产效率的影响,并以此为逻辑起点进一步探讨网络提升路径以及各空间单元在整体网络中的综合定位与潜力。结果表明,中国粮食生产网络空间溢出效应显著,对粮食生产效率具有明显的促进作用,其实质是规模经营思想在空间维度的扩展,符合近带动远辐射规律,且交通基础设施的互通互联与人口流动是实现网络空间外溢的主要路径。同时,整体网络中共存在4种潜在节点,包括核心控制型、局域核心型、潜力型以及边缘型。未来应充分发挥核心控制型节点的辐射带动作用,加强东西轴带的空间交互影响,实现农业资源技术的跨地域流动与互补。     

Phosphorus speciation in sediments of Lake Hongfeng, China

This study was conducted to evaluate the distribution characteristics of phosphorus and its species in 14 sediments samples collected from Lake Hongfeng based on sequential extraction. Lake Hongfeng, a major drinking-water source for Guiyang City in southwestern China, is one of the largest artificial reservoirs located in a typical karstic area of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The results of this study indicate that the average percentages of DP, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P and OP in the lake sediments were 0.52, 6.59,...     

Vaccination in three different ways against vibriosis of Seriola dumerili caused by Vibrio hollisae

Bacterin was prepared by formalin-inactivating the virulent strain of Vibrio hollisae isolated from diseased Seriola dumerili (amberjack) suffering from vibriosis. Healthy S. dumerili were vaccinated by respective procedures of intramuscular injection, immersion, and orally administration. Results of the three different vaccinations were compared. Blood was drawn from the vaccinated fish every 7 days, and the antibody titers and lysozyme activities of the sera were determined. The antibody titer of injected fish was 1:40 at 7 d, and reached its peak of 1:320 at 28 d, while the fish vaccinated by immersion and orally administration exhibited weak antibody responses, the antibody titres of <1:10, 1:20, 1:160 were observed at 7 d, 14 d, 35 d respectively. Compared with the control, the vaccinated fish exhibited significantly higher lysozyme activities (P<0.05). Upon challenge with virulent strain, the relative percent survival (RPS) of injected, immersed and oral administrated fish were 75%, 45%, and 40% respectively, and the injected fish showed significantly higher RPS than immersed and oral administrated fish. The results suggested that vaccination of S. dumerili by the injection would be the best strategy to prevent the vibriosis in S. dumerili farm.     

Determination of Rare Earth Elements, Y, Th, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta in Geological Reference Materials G-2, G-3, SCo-1 and WGB-1 by Sodium Peroxide Sintering and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

Data are reported for rare earth elements (REE), Y, Th, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta in four geological reference materials using sodium peroxide (Na₂O₂) sintering and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The described procedure was used by students during their thesis work. A compilation of their reference material data acquired over one year of laboratory work demonstrates the ease and reliability of the method and the high reproducibility of the analytical results. Relative standard deviations of up to thirty six measurements of one reference material were lower than 5% for Y and the REE. Reproduciblities of Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and Th were higher at between 5% and 10%, and can be attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution of zircon and other trace mineral phases and uncorrected drift effects. The concentration data are compared to reference and literature values and demonstrate that the procedure is also accurate. New data on G-3 show some systematic deviations from G-2, which are statistically significant.     

鄂西清江水布垭坝址高陡斜坡稳定性研究思路

鄂西清江水布垭坝址高陡斜坡稳定性研究按如下思路进行;从野外地质调研入手,详细研究斜坡的地表变形特征,深部变形特征及斜坡变形组合模式;运用层次分析方法对各影响因素进行计算,确定各因素对斜坡稳定性贡献的大小;选择典型地质剖面,分别建立岩体力学模型,运用有限元及离散元方法进行模拟,确定坝址斜坡变形破坏机制模型,运用胡限平衡法,概率法对所选择的典型地质剖面进行稳定性计算。在以上各步的基础上设计高陡斜坡的防