A standardized method for sampling and extraction methods for quantifying microplastics in beach sand

Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment, are frequently ingested by organisms, and may potentially cause harm. A range of studies have found significant levels of microplastics in beach sand. However, there is a considerable amount of methodological variability among these studies. Methodological variation currently limits comparisons as there is no standard procedure for sampling or extraction of microplastics. We identify key sampling and extraction procedures across the literature through a detailed review. We find that sampling depth, sampling location, number of repeat extractions, and settling times are the critical parameters of variation. Next, using a case-study we determine whether and to what extent these differences impact study outcomes. By investigating the common practices identified in the literature with the case-study, we provide a standard operating procedure for sampling and extracting microplastics from beach sand.     

2006年台湾屏东7.0级地震救灾与应变分析

2006年12月26日20时26分和20时34分,台湾屏东县相继发生两次芮氏规模7.0地震①.地震发生后,屏东县立即成立了"12.26震灾"灾害应变中心,积极开展灾害防救工作.通过此次地震的抢救过程,检讨分析应变中心应变机制之优缺点,希望今后能为相关单位进行莺大灾害抢救时提供参考,并得到更准确、适用、有效的抢救作业程序.     

地质钻探施工管理信息系统研究

计算机和网络技术的发展为地质钻探施工设计和施工过程管理信息化提供了技术基础。本文在分析地质钻探信息流和信息化需求的基础上,提出了地质钻探施工管理信息化的总体思路和技术方案,主要由钻探技术信息交互平台、钻探施工设计系统和钻探施工过程管理信息系统组成,包括合同管理、设计管理、钻孔管理、设备管理、材料管理、统计报表、领导关注、档案管理8大功能模块。该系统实施后可显著提高地质钻探设计、施工和管理水平,有较好的推广应用前景。     

地矿实验室认可及实施基本要求

论述了地矿实验室认可的意义,进行实验室认可的基本程序、步骤、要求以及在进行实验室认可前所需做的准备工作。指出应根据实验室自身的实际资源情况合理申报认可项目,并建立相应的质量体系,确保其顺利实施与运转。     

航空数字成图相机系统简介

航空数字成图相机系统是基于大面阵CCD的厘米级高分辨率多光谱全数字对地遥感成像系统,兼备传统航空摄影测量与现代光电子多光谱数字遥感的技术特点,已广泛应用于城市大比例尺测图、高精度环境及地质灾害监测中,在数字城市和重大工程勘测领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

Obtaining Accurate Isotopic Compositions with the Double Spike Technique: Practical Considerations

Ever‐increasing precision in isotope ratio measurements requires a concomitant small bias within and between laboratories. The double spike technique is the most suitable method to obtain reliable isotope composition data that are accurately corrected for instrumental mass fractionation. Compared with other methods, such as sample‐calibrator bracketing (SCB), only the double spike technique can correct for all sources of fractionation after equilibration of the sample with the double spike, such as that incurred during chemical separation and measurement. In addition, it is not dependent on a priori assumptions of perfect matrix matching of samples to reference materials or quantitative recovery of the sample through the chemical separation procedure to yield accurate results. In this review article, we present a detailed discussion of the merits of the double spike technique, how to design and calibrate a suitable double spike and analytical strategies. Our objective is to offer a step‐by‐step introduction to the use of the double spike technique in order to lower potential barriers that researchers new to the subject might face, such that double spiking will replace SCB as the measurement method of choice.     

藏南扎西康大型铅锌银锑多金属矿床叠加改造成矿作用初探

扎西康铅锌银锑多金属矿具有多期多阶段的复杂成矿的特征。结合对区域成矿带、典型矿石结构构造、闪锌矿Fe含量变化、金属成矿元素分带性以及流体演化特征的分析,初步识别和探讨了扎西康多金属矿床叠加改造发生过程:在特提斯喜马拉雅锑金矿带形成前,扎西康即已经是一个粗晶脉状铅锌矿床。后碰撞阶段,地壳伸展,热活动强烈。以岩浆驱动大气水循环形成的地热水为主的区域富锑流体,流经扎西康,早期硫化物成为后期流体沉淀的有效化学障。流体对早期矿体形成的角砾产生再活化、溶蚀、交代作用,活化出铅、锌等元素,形成新的混合流体。该流体在NS向正断层发生运移、充填成矿,此时锌仍以闪锌矿重结晶、沉淀,但其中的铁含量已经降低,而铅与锑等形成硫盐矿物,当Pb被硫盐矿物消耗后则形成辉锑矿。综上,扎西康铅锌银锑多金属矿床是青藏高原陆陆碰撞造山背景下典型的叠加改造型矿床。     

Bioavailability of heavy metals in urban particles

Urban particles, as one of the toxic air pollutants, are important issues concerning air quality and public health, especially in large cities like Guangzhou （China）. Toxicological studies implicated heavy metals （particularly water-soluble metals） as a health hazard of particles. Once absorbed into human lung tissues, heavy metals are likely released from the particles and do harm to human body even in low concentrations. Thus, evaluating the bioavailability of heavy metals in urban particles is quite necessary. The particle samples used in this study were collected from a building roof in Guangzhou. Three different methods, sequential extraction procedure and two leaching tests, were employed to investigate the bioavailability of heavy metals in the particles. The sequential extraction scheme is specific for analyzing the chemical speciation of metals in particles, which consists of four fractions： F1： soluble and exchangeable metals; F2： carbonates, oxides and reducible metals; F3： bound to organic matter, oxidisable and sulphidic metals; and F4： residual metals. Leaching tests, GB 5086.2-1997 and TCLP, are standard methods developed by China-EPA and US-EPA and widely used in evaluating the toxicity of solid wastes. They were applied to gain additional information about more easily mobilized form of metal. Heavy metals in extraction solution, including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni, were analyzed by ICP-MS. According to the data from the total concentration analysis, the relative contents of 6 heavy metals in particles follow the order of Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Cr〉Ni〉Cd. The results of sequential extraction showed that more than 50% of Cu, Zn and Cd were distributed in the F1, F2, and F3. This indicated that the bioavailability of Cu, Zn and Cd in the particles is much higher than that of Pb, Cr, and Ni. Leaching tests revealed that the concentrations of heavy metals in leachate are relatively lower than the regulatory level. The results of TCLP are much higher than those of GB 5086.2-1997, mainly due to the low pH value of the extraction fluid.     

1:50000数据库缩编更新技术流程

介绍了1:50 000数据库缩编更新工作流程,着重探讨了1:10 000到1:50 000地形要素缩编更新生产的技术流程。结合关键技术的应用,提出了优化的作业技术流程,对提高数据库缩编更新作业效率能起到事半功倍的作用。     

十一运会开幕式人工影响天气服务作业决策与实施流程设计

介绍了"十一运会"开幕式期间天气背景和人工消(减)雨作业防线设计,分析了实施区域人工消(减)雨火箭、高炮过量催化作业对监测预报、空域保障、指令下达、发射操作、弹药供给等技术保障要求及对策,明确了人工影响天气应急服务关键时间节点的主要工作内容,介绍了作业决策、作业实施、跨区作业等流程的技术要点和任务要求。经过全运会开幕式前期作业试验和应急服务检验,各项技术流程设计符合人工消(减)雨作业技术要求。