位场解析信号振幅极值位置空间变化规律研究

通过对单一边界、双边界、多边界以及点(线)质量模型重力异常解析信号振幅和重力异常垂向导数解析信号振幅的极值位置空间变化规律研究表明,重力异常垂向导数解析信号振幅和化极磁力异常解析信号振幅的极值位置相同,且与重力异常解析信号振幅的极值位置空间变化规律相似.利用位场解析信号振幅极大值位置能够准确识别单一直立边界地质体的边缘位置,但不能准确识别其它任何形体的边缘位置,其识别结果的偏移量大小随地质体的埋深、水平尺寸以及倾斜程度等变化.虽然重力异常垂向导数解析信号振幅比重力异常解析信号振幅的峰值更加尖锐、横向识别能力更强,其极大值位置更靠近地质体上顶面边缘位置,但均受地质体埋深的影响较大;随着埋深的增加,位场解析信号振幅的极大值位置会快速收敛到形体的“中心位置”,其轨迹类似“叉子状”;且对多边界模型会出现“极大值位置盲区”而无法识别其边缘位置.通过这些理论研究表明,位场解析信号振幅只能识别单一边界地质体的边缘位置;而不宜用来识别多边界地质体的边缘位置,但可以用来识别多边界地质体的“中心位置”.     

中国东部旱涝型的研究

文章利用中国东部25个站524年（1470～1993年）的旱涝级别资料分析了中国东部旱涝的空间分布,比较了EOF方法和REOF方法的不同点,研究指出可用6个中心地区的旱涝情况来补充原来划分的6种旱涝型,使得旱涝中心更明确,旱涝分布更符合实际情况,突出体现了REOF在旱涝型研究中的优点。最后给出了近五百年中国东部的主要旱涝中心及特征。     

贵州喀斯特高原土地系统变化空间尺度综合的一个研究方案

尺度是认识世界和管理世界的一个重要视角,多尺度之间的相互关联是当前重要的学术前沿论题.尺度关联研究面临的主要问题是:①对scaling的理解不能局限于尺度转换或尺度耦合,而需要对不同尺度的多种复杂关系(连通性)有综合的认识;②要正确认识尺度综合的目标,据此明确综合什么,如何综合;③解决尺度综合的方法不能仅从数学模型着手.以贵州喀斯特高原土地系统变化为研究案例,设计一个对贵州省域、乌江流域、猫跳河流域和若干小流域等多空间尺度土地变化进行综合的研究方案,力图为解决上述问题作出贡献.该案例研究针对土地管理可持续性决策多尺度协调的实际需求,以不同尺度之间连通性的判定为基础,重新厘定尺度综合在土地变化科学中的意义和内涵;以定性和定量相结合的途径,建立尺度综合的方法体系,包括基于尺度综合目标的土地变化及其驱动力和效应多尺度表征与数据协调方法,各尺度土地变化及其驱动力和效应之间连通性的发现与论证,土地变化及其驱动力和效应的多尺度综合集成;提供喀斯特地区土地变化格局、过程及其驱动力和效应的尺度综合研究案例,提供省域、省内大流域、中流域、小流域土地管理可持续性决策多尺度协调的依据和参数标准.     

基于SQL Server Spatial的空间数据的组织与查询

论述了SQL Server Spatial技术理论,探讨了空间数据导入、索引的创建以及空间数据的查询方法。并以3维激光扫描获取的点云数据为例,采用C#连接SQLServer数据库,对点云数据进行了组织及查询,并在MapObject组件下进行可视化。试验证明,建立空间索引后点云数据的检索效率较高。     

线性度方法在前兆观测数据分析处理中的应用

利用空间线性度方法，对前兆场中不同台站，不同学科的前兆观测数据从总体形态上进行综合分析，得到关于描述前兆场的新的特征量ａ（空间线性度）本文给出了空间线性度的具体计算方法，并以华北地区为例，分析处理了区内１９７０～１９９４年部分地电阻率和地下水位观测资料，所得结果表明，新的前兆特征量ａ在中强地震之前一年左右时间内有异常显示。     

Uncertainty of rainfall-induced landslides considering spatial variability of parameters

A cross-correlation analysis is conducted to determine the impacts of the heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity K_s, soil cohesion c′ and soil friction angle (tan φ′) on the uncertainty of slope stability in time and space during rainfall. We find the relative importance of tan φ′ and c′ depends on the effective stress. While the sensitivity of the stability to the variability of K_s is small, the large coefficient of variation of K_s may exacerbate the variability of pore-water pressure. Therefore, characterizing the heterogeneity of hydraulic properties and pore-water distribution in the field is critical to the stability analysis.     

多尺度空间对象拓扑相似关系的表达与计算

研究了空间数据多尺度表达中,在进行模型综合时空间对象拓扑关系的表达、变化和相似性。基于空间对象之间拓扑关系的概念邻域,给出了空间对象拓扑关系相似性的定义以及在数字景观模型中拓扑关系相似性的度量方法,为空间数据的多尺度表达提供了拓扑关系分析和评价手段。     

南方低山丘陵地区汛期短时强降水特征分析

研究汛期短时强降水特征,对于南方低山丘陵地区山洪灾害的预报具有重要指导意义。以怀化市为研究区域,基于该区域11个国家站和403个区域自动气象站的2012-2017年4-9月期间逐小时降水量以及相对应的NCEP资料,分析了怀化市短时强降水的时空分布特征,得出了产生短时强降水天气系统模型,结果显示：①汛期短时强降水发生频率较高,时间集中,分布不均。主要出现在5～7月,占4～9月的72.9%,其次在8～9月;北部频数多,中南部少,西部最少,辰溪、麻阳和怀化三县交界处及沅陵县的大合坪附近是频发区域。②短时强降水日变化呈单峰型,4～10时最容易发生,峰值在8时,谷值在23时。③强度越强出现的频次越少;北部的强度和次数大于其它区域;50～79.9 mm/h,占总站数的68.4%;各月国家站的极值乘以2约等于区域站极值。④低涡型短时强降水出现概率最高,低涡位置和移动路径是短时强降水预报的关键点。     

Spatial variation of the intertidal sediments and macrozoo-benthic assemblages along Eighty-mile Beach, North-western Australia

The extensive intertidal flats along Eighty-mile Beach in North-western Australia appear to be monotonous and homogeneous and seem ideally suited to study tidal zonation in macrozoo-benthic communities and their possible correlates with characteristics of the sediment. In October 1999, we sampled benthic invertebrates and sediments at a total of 895 sampling stations distributed over six different locations, each location separated by 15 km of unsampled foreshore along Eighty-mile Beach. To test for the presence or absence of patterns of tidal zonation (distinct height-related zones of specific sediment grain sizes or zoobenthic taxonomic groups) or patchiness (distinct patches of specific sediment grain sizes or zoobenthic taxonomic groups not related to tidal height) each location was divided into three along-shore sections and each section (transect) was examined at two or three tidal heights. Zonation was observed for sediment grain sizes. Sediments were coarser at the highest intertidal level and finer towards the low water line. Benthic assemblages also differed among tidal heights, but in terms of species-composition the differences were not consistent among the locations. Each location supported a unique collection of benthic invertebrates. Therefore the hypothesis of the presence of distinct zones of specific species or zoobenthic taxonomic groups was rejected; the presence of benthic patches was confirmed. The distribution of sediments and the composition of benthic assemblages were surprisingly poorly correlated compared to those reported in 12 previous quantitative studies around the world. One possible explanation might be that super-cyclone Vance, which hit the study-area only six months before this study, contributed to this poor correlation. Alternatively, the poor correlation may indicate that biotic interactions are more important than the assumed abiotic structuring.     

Environmental tracers as indicators of karst conduits in groundwater in South Dakota,USA

Environmental tracers sampled from the carbonate Madison aquifer on the eastern flank of the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA indicated the approximate locations of four major karst conduits. Contamination issues are a major concern because these conduits are characterized by direct connections to sinking streams, high groundwater velocities, and proximity to public water supplies. Objectives of the study were to estimate approximate conduit locations and assess possible anthropogenic influences associated with conduits. Anomalies of young groundwater based on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium, and electrical conductivity (EC) indicated fast moving, focused flow and thus the likely presence of conduits. δ¹⁸O was useful for determining sources of recharge for each conduit, and nitrate was a useful tracer for assessing flow paths for anthropogenic influences. Two of the four conduits terminate at or near a large spring complex. CFC apparent ages ranged from 15 years near conduits to >50 years in other areas. Nitrate-N concentrations >0.4 mg/L in groundwater were associated with each of the four conduits compared with concentrations ranging from <0.1 to 0.4 mg/L in other areas. These higher nitrate-N concentrations probably do not result from sinking streams but rather from other areas of infiltration.