全球重力异常对大气活动中心、气旋多发区的影响

利用卫星观测和地面实测资料统一归算的全球空间重力异常,探讨重力异常对全球冬夏大气活动中心、热带气旋以及温带气旋和高原低涡多发区的影响,并对其物理机理作一简要讨论.认为重力异常是大气运动发生发展不可忽视的因子之一.     

解析计算法与吴尔夫网投影法求解震源机制结果比较

利用“基于GIS地震分析预报系统”提供的用地震初动符号求震源机制解软件，获得了1999年11月辽宁岫岩—海城交界地区20个ML≥4．0地震的震源机制解．并将求解结果与采用吴尔夫网投影法得到的震源机制结果进行比较。结果表明．二种求解震源机制得到的节面(A、B)、力轴(P、T)比较接近，对应效果比较好。     

基于VisIt的全球科学数据并行可视化——以大气温度场为例

针对当前大规模全球科学数据可视化中存在的单机可视化数据量有限、从底层开发并行可视化系统难度大等问题,该文基于分布式环境和VisIt,提出了一种简便、开放而又有效的大规模全球科学数据可视化方法。介绍了VisIt的体系结构及运行机制,给出了自定义数据的并行可视化方法;并基于NCEP数据集及全球空间格网,在小规模集群环境下实现了小粒度适应性球体退化八叉树格网(SDOG)下的全球大气温度场的并行可视化。VisIt的并行可视化性能测试结果表明:通过增加计算节点,VisIt能有效摆脱传统单机可视化对数据量的限制,可实现大规模全球科学数据的并行可视化。     

区域土地利用及土地覆盖的空间格局研究--以广西梧州市为例

从分析梧州市土地利用现状入手, 总结其土地利用的现状特征, 而后在引入多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数和破碎度指数的基础上, 对梧州市土地利用／ 覆盖的空间格局进行了定量分析。最后, 根据计算结果得出有关结论。     

中国科技资源配置效率测度及其时空格局演变特征(英文)

According to the connotation and structure of science and technology resources and some relevant data of more than 286 cities at prefecture level and above during 2001–2010, using modified method—Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), science and technology(ST) resource allocation efficiency of different cities in different periods has been figured out, which, uncovers the distributional difference and change law of ST resource allocation efficiency from the time-space dimension. Based on that, this paper has analyzed and discussed the spatial distribution pattern and evolution trend of ST resource allocation efficiency in different cities by virtue of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA). It turned out that:(1) the average of ST resource allocation efficiency in cities at prefecture level and above has always stayed at low levels, moreover, with repeated fluctuations between high and low, which shows a decreasing trend year by year. Besides, the gap between the East and the West is widening.(2) The asymmetrical distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency presents a spatial pattern of successively decreasing from Eastern China, Central China to Western China. The cities whose ST resource allocation efficiency are at higher level and high level take on a cluster distribution, which fits well with the 23 forming urban agglomerations in China.(3) The coupling degree between ST resource allocation efficiency and economic environment assumes a certain positive correlation, but not completely the same. The differentiation of ST resource allocation efficiency is common in regional development, whose existence and evolution are directly or indirectly influenced by and regarded as the reflection of many elements, such as geographical location, the natural endowment and environment of ST resources and so on.(4) In the perspective of the evolution of spatial structure, ST resource allocation efficiency of the cities at prefecture level and above shows a notable spatial autocorrelation, which in every period presents a positive correlation. The spatial distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency in neighboring cities seems to be similar in group, which tends to escalate stepwise. Meanwhile, the whole differentiation of geographical space has a diminishing tendency.(5) Viewed from LISA agglomeration map ofST resource allocation efficiency in different periods, four agglomeration types have changed differently in spatial location and the range of spatial agglomeration. And the continuity of ST resource allocation efficiency in geographical space is gradually increasing.     

The spatial ecology of deer–vehicle collisions

Deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs) are a constant problem in North America that cost millions of dollars of damage and loss of human life. This study investigated the spatial relationship of DVCs for a county in western Indiana using nearest neighbor analysis, chi-square test of independence, and a landscape metric: the percentage of like adjacencies. The study was able to show that DVCs are not randomly located, and that habitat type and structure may play an important role in the location of DVCs.     

E.U. migrant criminal activity: Exploring spatial diversity and volume of criminal activity attributed to inter EU migrants in England

European Union expansion over the last decade has generated many studies, surpassed in number only by governmental comment and media headlines following this general theme. Issues and knowledge explored and expressed have been many, one being a hard to evidence crime-migration nexus leading to constructive empirical studies focussing on the accession to the EU of predominantly East European nations and ensuing migratory patterns. Appertaining to this study is geographic focus on crime committed by inter-EU migrants in England, resulting from holistic research of a contemporary EU statute concerning inter-state sharing of bio-informatics, seeking contextual knowledge to the benefit of policy makers. The geography of inter-EU crime in England identifies spatial dispersion and regional areas of activity on a meso scale. The activity of individual nationalities is examined in a spatial manner displaying distinct differences in movements on a regional (meso) scale. Results improve on current knowledge of the criminality of inter-EU migrants but also identify and call for further research in a conceptual development as localised criminal activity draws an international investigatory perspective.     

Spatial patterns of subsistence extraction of forest products – An indirect approach for estimation of forest degradation in dry forest

Successful implementation of a forest based climate change mitigation mechanism such as REDD + depends on robust and available methods for measurement and estimation of forest degradation. Currently available methods are for application in single-hit degradation incidents in high density humid forests. However, it has been suggested that gradual degradation, especially in dry forests, is more widespread and that methods are needed for measuring and estimating associated emissions. We assess the applicability of an indirect remote sensing approach for monitoring forest degradation: infrastructure and other indicators of human activities are mapped and used for spatial prediction of degradation activities. For proxy variables we tested distance to forest edge, distance to roads, and population pressure calculated as the sum of inhabitants per pixel in the Landscan 2010 population raster dataset multiplied by an inverse power distance decay function. Wood extraction incidents were counted in 160 plots in two dry forests in Tanzania with infrastructural entry from one side only. We analyzed the spatial pattern of forest degradation as a function of the chosen proxy variables using zero inflated count models which allows for an excess of zero counts. A jack-knife bootstrap using 10,000 runs was applied to optimize the population distance decay function. We found that the impact of forest degradation is highest near high population concentration, above 1000 individuals. Furthermore, distance to nearest forest edge or road was a significant proxy for estimation of the number of wood extraction incidents (p < 0.001), where degradation incidents decreased with increasing distance to forest edge or road. At 3000 m from the forest edge towards the forest core the probability of wood extraction is 20% and dropping. The population distance decay function was found to have a steep decline indicating a relative small impact on forest degradation. Further, and perhaps larger, studies are needed to be able to recommend a distance decay function for general application in Tanzania. However, the results are useful for understanding spatial patterns of wood harvesting as a function of distance to nearest forest edge or road in dry Miombo woodland areas with average population pressure at 1685 ± 101 persons within a radius of 4000 m from the wood extraction sites.     

A spatio-temporal analysis of academic performance at the Basic Education Certificate Examination in Ghana

Over the last decade, Ghana has more than tripled investment in its basic education system. Consequently, the country has made huge educational gains, primarily in providing universal access to basic education. However, many stakeholders are worried that academic performance is lagging because of disproportional attention to accessing basic education. Discussion of these concerns is hampered by ongoing disagreement about the true trajectory of academic performance at the basic education level and the widespread nature of students' lagging academic performance. In part, this disagreement stems from the failure of empirical studies to comprehensively examine trends in academic performance standards at the basic education level by concurrently considering a geographical and longitudinal perspective. Thus, this study examines the spatio-temporal trends of academic performance at the junior high school level since 2009 by using multilevel growth curve modeling, spatial statistics, and district-level longitudinal data. Results reveal 3 statistically distinct trajectories of academic performance: erratic, accelerating, and decelerating changes. Results also show that rural–urban gaps explain 31% of the performance trajectories, a trend which is expected to persist in the long term. In addition, we find extreme variations in academic performance within rural areas. Given the varying trajectories and geographical variability in academic performance, we suggest a localized approach to addressing challenges of low academic achievement at the basic education level in Ghana.