利用TM遥感影像分析准噶尔盆地西南缘新构造运动与油气藏形成的关系

本文以覆盖准噶尔盆地西南缘的四景LandsatTM卫星遥感影像的地质解译为基础,结合野外实地地质考察所获取的地质资料以及盆地烃源岩的生烃、排烃模拟结果,对该区第二、三排构造带自上新世以来的新构造运动变形特征,背斜和断裂构造的形成时代以及新构造运动与油气藏的关系进行了综合分析。研究结果表明,该区第二、三排构造带的新构造运动变形非常强烈,发育于这二排构造带上的背斜构造和断裂构造的构造变形始于上新世末期,早更新世末期是新构造变形最强烈的时期,第二、三排背斜构造带在中更新世早期已基本形成。有利烃源岩---安集海河组的排烃高峰晚于背斜构造形成时期,其生成的油气很有可能聚集于这些背斜构造中。发育于背斜构造核部或北翼一侧的逆冲断裂构造,一方面为油气垂向运移提供良好的通道,另一方面也破坏了油气构造,为油气的逸散创造了条件。     

Simulation of land use change using GIS-based stochastic model: the case study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shiqian</Emphasis> County,Southwestern China

This paper presents the GIS-based stochastic model and its application to simulate land use change in Shiqian County, Southwestern China. Transition probability of land use change with biophysical factors such as elevation, slope, distance to stream, distance to road and adjacent cells with the same land use are calculated and integrated into this model. Then the model simulated 2001 land use pattern based on 1988 land use pattern and the results are satisfactory. Finally, three different land use scenarios are simulated using this model. This study provides a new tool to predict land use pattern.     

1960—2010年中国西南地区区域性气象干旱事件的特征分析

利用区域性极端事件客观识别法（Objective Identification Technique for Regional Extreme Events,OITREE）和1960—2010年中国西南地区（四川、云南、贵州省和重庆市）101个站综合气象干旱指数（CI）进行区域性气象干旱事件识别研究,确定了相应的OITREE方法参数组,并识别得出87次中国西南地区区域性气象干旱事件,其中9次达到极端强度,而2009年9月—2010年4月发生的特大干旱是中国西南地区近50年最严重的区域性气象干旱事件。进一步分析表明,中国西南地区区域性气象干旱事件的持续时间一般为10—80 d,最长可达231 d;11—4月是西南地区的旱季。云南和四川南部是西南干旱的频发和强度中心地区;强的（极端及重度）干旱事件可分为5种分布类型,其中南部型出现机会最多。过去50年西南地区区域性气象干旱事件频次显著增多,强度有所增强,其主要原因可能是该地区降水量显著减少所致,而气温升高也起到了推波助澜的作用。     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi Carlintype gold district(Southwest Guizhou,China) and their geological implications

The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district,we carried out petrographic observations,elemental analyses,and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies.We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou.Three mineralization stages,namely,the sedimentation diagenesis,hydrothermal(main-ore and late-ore substages),and supergene stages,were identified based on field and petrographic observations.The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization,respectively,which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization.The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au,As,Sb,Hg,Tl,Mo,and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage.Remarkably,arsenic,Sb,and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage.Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation.Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite.The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H2O–NaCl–CO2–CH4±N2system,with medium to low temperatures(180–260℃)and low salinity(0–9.08%NaCl equivalent).The late-ore stage fluids featured H2O–NaCl±CO2±CH4,with low temperature(120–200℃)and low salinity(0–7.48%Na Cl equivalent).The temperature,salinity,and CO2and CH4concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage.The calculated δ^13C,d D,and δ^18O values of the ore-forming fluids range from-14.3 to-7.0%,-76 to-55.7%,and 4.5–15.0%,respectively.Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ^34S values ranging from-0.6 to 1.9%.These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids,with minor contributions from strata.Collectively,the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou.It is likely that the Baogudi gold district,together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou,was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.     

Diversity of faunal assemblages associated with ribbed mussel beds along the South American coast: relative roles of biogeography and bioengineering

Benthic organisms are among the most diverse and abundant in the marine realm, and some species are a key factor in studies related to bioengineering. However, their importance has not been well noted in biogeographic studies. Macrofaunal assemblages associated with subtidal beds of the ribbed mussel (Aulacomya atra) along South America were studied to assess the relationship between their diversity patterns and the proposed biogeographic provinces in the Southeastern Pacific and Southwestern Atlantic Oceans. Samples from ribbed mussel beds were obtained from 10 sites distributed from the Peruvian coast (17°S) to the Argentinean coast (41°S). The sampling included eight beds in the Pacific and two in the Atlantic and the collections were carried out using five 0.04 m² quadrants per site. Faunal assemblages were assessed through classification analyses using binary and log‐transformed abundance data. Variation in the size and density of mussels, and in the species richness, abundance and structure of their faunal assemblages were tested using a permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Faunal assemblages showed a north–south latitudinal gradient along both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Binary and abundance data showed a difference in the resulting clustering arrangement of Pacific sites between 40°S and 44°S, indicating a pattern of continuity in the species distribution associated with biological substrates. At a regional scale, the distribution of species along the South American coast matched the general provincial pattern shown by prior studies, which show two biogeographic units on the Pacific coast separated by an intermediate (probably transitional) zone and a single province on the Atlantic coast extending up to Northern Argentina. Biological substrates such as ribbed mussel beds play an important ecological role by making a similar habitat type available on a large scale for a variety of invertebrate species. Despite such habitat homogeneity, however, the associated fauna exhibit marked distribution breaks, suggesting strong constraints on dispersal. This therefore suggests that macrofaunal assemblages could possibly be used as biogeographic indicators.     

自组织神经树模型在地震综合预报中的应用

将自组织神经树模型应用于地震综合预报，并以滇西南地震区的地震资料为例进行了实际判别计算，预测的成功率达１００％。结果表明，自组织神经树方法性能良好，可望成为一种有效的地震预报方法。     

中世纪气候异常期和小冰期中国华北与北美西南部年代际干湿变化的关系

百年尺度冷、暖背景下不同区域年代际干湿变化的关系是历史气候变化领域的重大问题之一。本研究利用基于历史文献重建的中国华北干湿指数(Dry-wet index)和基于树轮年表重建的北美西南部帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI), 采用100年窗口的滑动相关分析, 计算了两地年代际干湿变化的相关关系, 对比了中世纪气候异常期(MCA)和小冰期(LIA)两地相关关系的差异, 并利用PMIP3和PMIP4共11个模式的过去千年气候变化模拟数据, 诊断了其成因。研究发现: 1)代用资料展示出MCA期间中国华北与北美西南部年代际干湿变化为正相关(r=0.32, p < 0.05), LIA期间则为负相关(r=-0.27, p < 0.05); 2)GISS-E2-R模式基本再现了代用资料揭示的工业革命前两地干湿变化相关关系的变化特征, 尤其是MCA和LIA的差异; 3)MCA期间, 中国华北与北美西南部年代际干湿变化正相关主要是因两地水汽条件同时匮乏所致, 这可能是源于负位相太平洋-北美(PNA)遥相关的影响; LIA期间, 中国华北与北美西南部年代际干湿变化负相关主要是因中国华北水汽匮乏, 而北美西南部水汽充沛所致, 这可能是源于负位相北太平洋涛动(NPO)遥相关的影响。上述结果为深入辨识百年尺度冷、暖背景下中国华北与北美西南部年代际干湿变化之间的关系提供了新证据, 为预估未来全球升温情景下中国或北美年代际干湿特征提供预警信号。

     

塔里木盆地西北缘早二叠世后碰撞花岗质岩浆活动及其构造意义

塔里木地块西北缘的阔什布拉克钾长花岗岩富碱（Na2O+K2O平均836％>8％）,富钾（K2O/Na2O=127～147）,准铝质（A/CNK=082～088）,属于高钾钙碱性系列岩浆岩。岩石的稀土含量较高（ΣREE=26390×10-6～44575×10-6）,富集Th、U、Ta、Nb、Hf和Y等高场强元素和大离子亲石元素Rb,具有强的负Eu异常（δEu=0003～0019）,富集高不相容元素（Zr＋Nb＋Ce＋Y=368×10-6～531×10-6>350×10-6),高Ga（Ga/Al×10〖CS％0,0,0,0〗〖CS〗000=417～472>26）,显示出A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。岩石Th/U比值（平均为386）、Nb/Ta比值（平均为1275）和Rb Th富集、Ti亏损指示其壳源成因。对花岗岩进行的LA ICP MS微区原位锆石 U Pb 定年结果表明,花岗岩的结晶侵位年龄为2754±28 Ma。综合西南天山与塔里木盆地早二叠世花岗质岩浆活动的特点,认为早二叠世西南天山的后碰撞岩浆活动不仅在西南天山内部引起了强烈的花岗质岩浆活动,而且对塔里木地块西北边缘的花岗质岩浆活动也有显著的影响。阔什布拉克A型花岗岩也说明西南天山地区的碰撞造山作用在2754±28 Ma之前已经趋于结束,以南天山洋盆为代表的古亚洲洋已基本结束了其演化历史。     

黔西南表层脱底褶皱及对金矿床的控制作用

在研究黔西南表层脱底褶皱地表地质特征和其形成机制的基础上,认为黔西南微细粒浸染型金矿床是成岩期后构造作用下的产物,受控于表层脱底褶皱,并提出了金矿远景区和找矿方向。     

由多个小震推断的青甘和川滇地区地壳应力场的方向特征

本文根据1975—1984年期间发生的多个小地震的P波初动方向数据,推断了青、甘、川、滇地区平均主应力轴的方向。结果表明,该地区压应力轴（P轴）和张应力轴（T轴）方向皆水平,但其方位由北到南呈现规则转动的趋势,即主压应力轴在北部青甘地区大致取NE—SW方向,到中部川西北地区转为近E—W方向,再到南部云南地区转为NNW—SSE或近N—S方向。形成应力轴方向这样特定分布图象的原因,可用印度板块向北对青藏高原的推挤和缅甸中源地震带地区下沉物质对云南地区的拖曳作用来解释。