对“中国西部的地震灾害与水电大坝”一文的商榷

我国西部处于构造活动带,在水电开发过程中的地震和水库诱发地震问题一直受到公众的关注.本文对约翰·杰克逊先生“中国西部地震灾害与水电大坝”中的一些问题做了针对性的讨论,对其文章的专业性和某些结论提出了质疑.本文认为“中国西部地震灾害与水电大坝”的作者,引用的基础资料都是极小比例尺的图件,精度较差,不能作为精细论证的依据.构造板块学认为:构造板块的边缘地带,构造运动最活跃,板内次级断裂活动性就相对差些.我国西部除西藏处于板块碰撞的边缘地带外,四川、云南等大片水电能源蕴藏地属于板内构造,并非最活跃区.通过对近代地震工程学的发展和翔实的事例论证,说明他得出我国西部建坝是“灾难性后果的危险尝试”的结论是荒谬的.最后,对汶川大地震与水库诱发地震的问题进行了阐述.     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

一次高空槽与西南涡耦合造成的华北暴雨过程分析

2010年7月18-20日西南低涡东北上影响华北,造成了华北地区大范围大暴雨过程。本文利用NCEP/NCAR 1o×1o再分析场资料,分析了本次西南涡北上加强的原因和造成河北大暴雨的形成机制。结果表明：西南涡是这次华北暴雨的主要影响系统,暴雨的持续与西南涡和中纬度高空槽（低涡）的耦合过程密切相关;高、低空急流相互作用,有利于低层上升运动的发展和加强;高空湿位涡扰动下传,使得西南低涡发展加强;暴雨发生时,其上空正涡度中心和强散度中心相耦合,强的上升运动对低层水汽辐合抬升产生暴雨十分有利;中低层的高能高湿为低涡的发展和暴雨的维持提供了能量和水汽。     

黔西南泥堡金矿床大型隐伏金矿体地质特征研究

泥堡金矿区Ⅲ号金矿体是近年来发现的受断裂控制的大型隐伏矿体,是泥堡金矿区找矿勘探工作的重大突破。该矿体受F1断层控制,其容矿岩石为蚀变沉凝灰岩。蚀变沉凝灰岩普遍发育粘土化、碳酸盐化,而与金矿化密切关联的蚀变类型为黄铁矿化、硅化,次为毒砂化。对泥堡金矿床产出特征进行分析发现,Ⅲ号矿体明显受构造（F1断层）、地层（P3l2）和岩性（蚀变沉凝灰岩）控制。结合矿床赋矿岩石、矿物组合和控矿因素分析,认为泥堡金矿的形成与晚二叠世沉积火山凝灰质密切相关,F1断层活动及燕山期热水（液）作用是Ⅲ号金矿体成矿的关键。通过对比分析,认为区域上车榔—泥堡—三道沟—潘家庄一线是寻找类似金矿体（断控型）的重要区域,龙潭组二段及蚀变沉凝灰岩是重要的找矿标志。     

华北地块西南缘陇县保家山古元古代花岗岩及其构造意义研究

在华北地块西南缘陇县保家山西部铁马河剖面出露钾长花岗斑岩,与其伴生的有蚀变辉绿玢岩,整体沿六盘山断裂带分布。保家山钾长花岗斑岩富钾(Na2O/K2O=1.66~3.36),具钙碱性和准铝—弱过铝质特征(A/CNK=0.85~1.18)。富集轻稀土元素且轻重稀土元素分异明显(LREE/HREE=4.08~12.03),Eu负异常明显(δEu=0.50~0.53)。富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、Hf,强烈亏损P、Sr,且具有较高的Rb/Sr和Ga/Al比值,表现出A型花岗质岩石的特征。对两个样品进行锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测年,分别获得n(206Pb)/n(207Pb)加权平均年龄1814±12Ma和1781±12Ma,说明岩体属于古元古代岩体。结合区域地质资料的研究表明,华北地块西南缘在古元古代期间处于强烈伸展背景,推测应该与古元古代贺兰坳拉槽的向南延伸有关。     

Ore-forming process of the Huijiabao gold district,southwestern Guizhou Province,China: Evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Huijiabao gold district is one of the major producers for Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China, including Taipingdong, Zimudang, Shuiyindong, Bojitian and other gold deposits/occurrences. Petrographic observation, microthermometric study and Laser Raman spectroscopy were carried out on the fluid inclusions within representative minerals in various mineralization stages from these four gold deposits. Five types of fluid inclusions have been recognized in hydrothermal minerals of different ore-forming stages: aqueous inclusions, CO₂ inclusions, CO₂–H₂O inclusions, hydrocarbon inclusions, and hydrocarbon–H₂O inclusions. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by a H₂O + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ system with medium to low temperature and low salinity. From early mineralization stage to later ones, the compositions of the ore-forming fluids experienced an evolution of H₂O + NaCl → H₂O + NaCl + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ → H₂O + NaCl ± CH₄ ± CO₂ with a slight decrease in homogenization temperature and salinity. The δ¹⁸O values of the main-stage quartz vary from 15.2‰ to 24.1‰, while the δD_H2O and calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O values of the ore-forming fluids range from −56.9 to −116.3‰ and from 2.12‰ to 12.7‰, respectively. The δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of hydrothermal calcite change in the range of −9.1‰ to −0.5‰ and 11.1–23.2‰, respectively. Stable isotopic characteristics indicate that the ore-forming fluid was mainly composed of ore- and hydrocarbon-bearing basinal fluid. The dynamic fractionation of the sulfur in the diagenetic pyrite is controlled by bacterial reduction of marine sulfates. The hydrothermal sulfides and the diagenetic pyrite from the host rocks are very similar in their sulfur isotopic composition, suggesting that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from dissolution of diagenetic pyrite. The study of fluid inclusions indicates that immiscibility of H₂O–NaCl–CO₂ fluids took place during the main mineralization stage and caused the precipitation and enrichment of gold.     

A geoelectrical-hydrogeochemical investigation of shallow groundwater occurrence in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria

 An integrated geological, geoelectrical and hydrochemical investigation of shallow groundwater occurrence in the Ibadan area, southwestern Nigeria, is presented. The primary objective was to characterise the groundwater in a typical low-latitude environment underlain by Precambrian crystalline basement complex rocks. The dominant rocks comprise suites of gneisses and quartzites. Chemical analyses of the groundwater show that the mean concentration of the cations is in the order Na>Ca>Mg>K while that for the anions is Cl>HCO₃>NO₃>SO₄. Statistical analyses, using the product-moment coefficient of correlation, indicate positive correlations between the following pairs of parameters: TDS and conductivity (r=0.96); Na⁺+Mg²⁺ and Cl^– (r=0.95); Na⁺+K⁺ and Ca²⁺ (r=0.43); Na⁺+K⁺ and HCO₃ ^– (r=0.17); Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (r=0.74); Ca²⁺ and HCO₃ ^– (r=0.33); Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺ and HCO₃ ^– (r=0.31) and pH and HCO₃ ^– (r=0.54). A very weak negative correlation was recorded between pH and Cl^–, with r=–0.003. Five groundwater groups have been identified, namely, (1) the Na-Cl, Na-Ca-Cl, Na-Ca-(Mg)-Cl; (2) the Ca-(Mg)-Na-HCO₃-Cl, Na-Ca-HCO₃-Cl, and Ca-HCO₃-Cl; (3) the Ca-(Mg)-Na-HCO₃, Ca-Na-HCO_3; (4) Ca-Na-Cl-(SO₄)-HCO₃ and (5) the Ca-(Mg)-Na-SO₄-HCO₃. The different groups reflect the diversity of bedrock types and consequently also of the products of weathering. Most of the water sampled is unfit for drinking on account of the high NO₃ ^– content. It can, however, be used for irrigation purposes as the sodium hazard is low while the salinity hazard ranges from low to medium. Resistivity soundings indicate the presence of a thick weathering profile, which could be up to 60 m. Such sites should be the target for any long-term and sustainable groundwater development in the area. Received: 15 April 1998 · Accepted: 4 July 1998     

我国西南地区氮沉降量不同的森林小流域中土壤自然15N丰度的分布特征

稳定性同位素¹⁵N自然丰度法近年来在生态系统氮素循环研究中发挥了和正在发挥着极为重要的作用。在森林生态系统中,自然¹⁵N丰度值是氮循环转换的综合结果,被有的研究者用作生态系统氮饱和状态的指示指标。在本研究中,我们测定了我国西南三个典型森林小流域的植物和土壤的自然¹⁵N丰度值,并进行了比较。植物的自然¹⁵N丰度值的变化范围为-5.0‰~2.7‰,土壤自然¹⁵N丰度值的变化范围为从有机层的 -6.9‰增加到矿质土壤的6.9‰,这些值的变化范围和温带森林生态系统的自然¹⁵N值的变化范围没有明显的区别。在土壤表层,鹿冲关和铁山坪的自然¹⁵N丰度值是明显低于雷公山流域的。在缺氮的鹿冲关流域,土壤表层低的¹⁵N丰度值表明了该流域比较封闭的氮循环状态,而在氮相对饱和的铁山坪流域表层土壤并没有出现¹⁵N富化,这可能是由于大量¹⁵N贫化的氮沉降输入的结果。这些结果表明,土壤的¹⁵N丰度值在我国西南部并不一定能单独作为森林生态系统氮饱和程度的指示指标, 但土壤和植被的δ¹⁵N值对于理解当地森林生态系统的氮循环具有一定的意义。     

云开地块北缘加里东期中-基性火山岩的厘定:钦-杭结合带南西段早古生代古洋盆存在的证据

在扬子板块和华夏板块结合带(称之为钦-杭结合带)南西段,由于后期盖层覆盖和构造、岩浆侵入破坏,作为结合带标志的古洋壳残片(蛇绿岩)至今未被识别出来,从而导致了前人对该结合带的边界、大地构造性质及其时空演化等问题存在严重分歧。笔者通过系统的野外地质调查发现,在云开地块北缘的岑溪地区,沿着岑溪-梧州断裂带两侧出露有一系列呈岩片状产出的(变质)中-基性火山岩块。地球化学的研究结果表明,这些(变质)中-基性火山岩可分为性质截然不同的三大类:(1)糯垌镇油茶林场一带出露的变质中基性火山岩具有略亏损的大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,而高场强元素和重稀土元素轻微富集,且Nb、Ta、P和Ti的负异常不明显,显示出与N-MORB型火山岩相似的地球化学特征,获得其中斜长阳起石岩的锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄为443.7±2.2Ma;(2)归义镇洞尾一带出露的变质基性火山岩则表现出轻微富集大离子亲石元素和具有平坦或略富集的轻稀土元素,并出现Nb-Ta、P和Ti的微弱亏损现象,显示出其与E-MORB型火山岩相似的地球化学特征,获得其中斜长角闪岩的锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄为441.3±2.4Ma;(3)安平镇白板、大爽一带出露的中-基性火山(碎屑)岩总体上表现为明显富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,而高场强元素和重稀土元素相对亏损,其间还出现Nb-Ta、P和Ti等高场强元素的明显亏损,显示出与俯冲带有关的岛弧型(IAB)火山岩相似的地球化学特征,获得其中安山质晶屑凝灰岩的锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄为442.2±3.7Ma。由此表明,扬子板块和华夏板块结合带(钦-杭结合带)南西段有早古生代古洋盆的存在,本区N-MORB、E-MORB和IAB型中基性火山岩可能是在加里东时期该洋盆岩石圈持续向南东俯冲消减至华夏板块(云开地块)之下的地球动力学背景下形成的产物。     

Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Thrust Structures in the Eastern Margin of Pamir Salient: Insights from Analogue Modeling and DiscussionEI北大核心CSCD

Two models with different boundary conditions were carried out to simulate the structural evolution of the Kekeya-Hetian fold-and-thrust belt and Kashi-Yecheng strike-slip belt in the eastern margin of Pamir salient, respectively. The analogue modeling results show that: (1) Both of the Kekeya-Hetian fold-and-thrust belt and Kashi-Yecheng strike-slip belt in the eastern margin of Pamir salient were formed under compressive shearing. Strike-slip faults occurred within both of the belts, but the displacement of these strike-slip faults in the Kekeya-Hetian fold-and-thrust belt is less than that in the Kashi-Yecheng strike-slip belt; (2) The Kekeya-Hetian fold-and-thrust belt is mainly under the influence of compression stress with weaker shearing stress while the Kashi-Yecheng strike-slip belt is mainly under the influence of shearing stress with oblique compressive stress. The strike-slip faults are mainly located in the piedmont within these two belts. The effect of the strike-slip fault diminishes towards the front of the thrust belt (to the interior basin); (3) In the front of the boundary strike-slip faults (to the interior basin), the intersecting arc thrust faults occurred successively along the shortening direction. These structural features demonstrated that the structures evolved northwards in the eastern margin of Pamir salient; (4) The oblique compression does not necessarily result in high angle faults or vertical faults, whereas low-middle angle thrust faults with strike-slip displacement are also possible. Hence, more attention should be paid to such thrust faults during the structural analysis of seismic profiles in the eastern margin of Pamir salient (e.g. the structural belts in piedmont of western Tarim Basin). © 2017, Science Press. All right reserved.