藏南定日地区上三叠统-古近系构造沉降分析与沉积盆地特征

构造沉降史研究是沉积盆地分析的一项重要内容。本文对藏南定日地区上三叠统-古近系进行了构造沉降史分析。研究表明:特提斯喜马拉雅定日地区晚三叠世-古近纪经历了由被动大陆边缘盆地沉降向周缘前陆盆地沉降的转换过程,根据构造沉降曲线特征,可划分为五个阶段。第Ⅰ-Ⅲ阶段即晚三叠世-晚白垩早期为被动大陆边缘沉降阶段,构造沉降曲线总体比较缓,沉降速率整体呈指数衰减,反映被动大陆边缘稳定的构造沉降过程。第Ⅳ阶段晚白垩晚期-古新世早期为构造隆升,古新世晚期再次为稳定构造沉降。对于晚白垩晚期-古新世早期的隆升有两种可能的解释,即德干地幔柱上涌引起的隆升或大陆碰撞板块挠曲引起的隆升。第V阶段始新世时期为印度-亚洲大陆碰撞形成的周缘前陆盆地沉降期,构造沉降曲线斜率增大,沉降速率增加,反映了该时期前陆盆地前渊区快速的沉降特征。     

赣南早古生代晚期花岗岩类年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

本文研究了赣南会同岩体花岗岩类及其闪长质包体的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素以及全岩主量、微量元素地球化学。会同岩体花岗岩年龄为425.8±6.2Ma,花岗闪长岩包体为425.0±4.1Ma,侵入年龄约为425Ma,属于早古生代晚期的志留纪。岩体总体为过铝质到强过铝质(A/CNK=1.05~1.28)、高钾钙碱性系列岩石;花岗岩和包体的微量元素和稀土元素特征一致,均富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,Eu负异常明显。岩石属于S型花岗岩。花岗岩和包体ε_Hf(t)均为负值,变化范围大(分别为-13.7~-3.3,-8.4~-3.2),Hf同位素地壳模式年龄较老(总体为1.6~2.3Ga)。结合前人资料,认为早古生代晚期赣南地区,在后碰撞伸展背景下,发生了大范围的成熟地壳的强烈再造和深熔作用,源于中、下地壳的熔体在约425Ma侵位形成中酸性岩浆,再向上侵位形成会同岩体。     

Evidence for progressive Holocene aridification in southern Africa recorded in Namibian hyrax middens: Implications for African Monsoon dynamics and the ‘‘African Humid Period’’

Presented here are stable nitrogen isotope data from a rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) middens from northwestern Namibia that record a series of rapid aridification events beginning at ca. 3800 cal yr BP, and which mark a progressive decrease in regional humidity across the Holocene. Strong correlations exist between this record and other terrestrial and marine archives from southern Africa, indicating that the observed pattern of climate change is regionally coherent. Combined, these data indicate hemispheric synchrony in tropical African climate change during the Holocene, with similar trends characterising the termination of the ‘African Humid Period’ (AHP) in both the northern and southern tropics. These findings run counter to the widely accepted model of direct low-latitude insolation forcing, which requires an anti-phase relationship to exist between the hemispheres. The combined dataset highlights: 1) the importance of forcing mechanisms influencing the high northern latitudes in effecting low-latitude climate change in Africa, and 2) the potential importance of solar forcing and variations in the Earth's geomagnetic shield in determining both long-term and rapid centennial-scale climate changes, identifying a possible mechanism for the variations marking the AHP termination in both the southern and northern tropics.     

Rainfall Variability and Changes in Southern Africa during the 20th Century in the Global Warming Context

Rainfall variability and changes in Southern Africa over the 20th century areexamined and their potential links to the global warming discussed. After a shortreview of the main conclusions of various experiments with Global AtmosphericModels (GCM) forced by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases for SouthernAfrica, a study of various datasets documents the observed changes in rainfall featuresat both daily and seasonal time steps through the last century. Investigations of dailyrainfall parameters are so far limited to South Africa. They show that some regionshave experienced a shift toward more extreme rainfall events in recent decades.Investigations of cumulative rainfall anomalies over the summer season do notshow any trend to drier or moister conditions during the century. However, closeexamination reveals that rainfall variability in Southern Africa has experiencedsignificant modifications, especially in the recent decades. Interannual variabilityhas increased since the late 1960s. In particular, droughts became more intense andwidespread. More significantly, teleconnection patterns associated with SouthernAfrican rainfall variability changed from regional before the 70s to near global after,and an increased statistical association to the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is observed. Numerical experiments with a French GCM indicate that these changes in teleconnections could be related to long-term variations in the Sea-Surface-Temperature background, which are part of the observed global warming signal.     

Karst system developed in salt layers of the Lisan Peninsula,Dead Sea,Jordan

The Lisan Peninsula, Jordan, is a massive salt layer accumulated in the inner part of the Dead Sea’s precursory lakes. This tongue-shaped, emergent land results in a salt diapir uplifted in the Dead Sea strike-slip regional stress field and modified by the water level fluctuations of the last lake during the Holocene. These two elements, associated with dissolution caused by rainfall and groundwater circulation, resulted in an authentic karst system. Since the 1960s, the Dead Sea lowering of 80 cm to 1 m per year caused costly damages to the industrial plant set up on the peninsula. The Lisan karst system is described in this article and the components of the present dynamic setting clarified.     

Palaeomagnetism of the Loch Doon Granite Complex, Southern Uplands of Scotland: The Late Caledonian palaeomagnetic record and an Early Devonian episode of True Polar Wander

The Southern Uplands terrane is an Ordovician–Silurian back-arc/foreland basin emplaced at the northern margin of the Iapetus Ocean and intruded by granite complexes including Loch Doon (408.3 ± 1.5 Ma) during Early Devonian times. Protracted cooling of this 130 km³ intrusion recorded magnetic remanence comprising a predominant (‘A’) magnetisation linked to initial cooling with dual polarity and mean direction D / I = 237 / 64° (α₉₅ = 4°, palaeopole at 316°E, 21°N). Subsidiary magnetisations include Mesozoic remanence correlating with extensional tectonism in the adjoining Irish Sea Basin (‘B’, D / I = 234/− 59°) and minority populations (‘C’, D / I = 106/− 2° and ‘D’, D / I = 199/1°) recording emplacement of younger ( 395 Ma) granites in adjoining terranes and the Variscan orogenic event. The ‘A’ directions have an arcuate distribution identifying anticlockwise rotation during cooling. A comparable rotation is identified in the Orthotectonic Caledonides to the north and the Paratectonic Caledonides to the south following closure of Iapetus. Continental motion from midsoutherly latitudes ( 40°S) at 408 Ma to equatorial palaeolatitudes by  395 Ma is identified and implies minimum rates of continental movement between 430 and 390 Ma of 30–70 cm/year, more than double maximum rates induced by plate forces and interpreted as a signature of true polar wander. Silurian–Devonian palaeomagnetic data from the British–Scandinavian Caledonides define a 430–385 Ma closed loop comparable to the distributed contemporaneous palaeomagnetic poles from Gondwana. They reconcile pre-430 Ma and post-380 Ma APW from this supercontinent and show that Laurentia–Baltica–Avalonia lay to the west of South America with a relict Rheic Ocean opening to the north which closed to produce Variscan orogeny by a combination of pivotal closure and right lateral transpression.     

秦岭南缘勉略构造带小碥河—长坝地区变质地层碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

南秦岭勉略构造带小碥河-长坝地区发育一套时代有争议的低角闪岩相变质沉积地层。由于该变质沉积地层受到了强烈变质和变形作用的改造,且缺少精确的年代学证据,在以往的地质研究和地质图中将其形成时代划归为古元古代、早古生代、志留纪-三叠纪、泥盆纪、泥盆纪-石炭纪等。笔者以该区的变质碎屑岩为研究对象,进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,完成锆石测点一个样品共计80个,获得小碥河-长坝地区的变质地层主要碎屑锆石年龄为850~658 Ma,最小年龄加权平均值为（576.5±12.4）Ma。结合前人资料,认为小碥河-长坝地区变质地层的沉积时代主体应为早古生代;物源主要来自勉略构造带内部火山岩、碧口微地块及扬子地块西北缘新元古代岩浆岩;其沉积事件对应了勉略构造带及扬子地块西北缘地区早古生代伸展裂陷沉积过程。     

中国东部早白垩世岩浆作用的伸展构造性质——以辽东半岛南部饮马湾山岩体为例

饮马湾山岩体位于辽东半岛南部,侵位于辽南变质核杂岩之中。岩体主要由三种岩石组成,由外向里分别是片麻状花岗岩、斑状花岗岩和中细粒二长花岗岩类。其中片麻状花岗岩类主要岩石类型为石英二长闪长岩和花岗闪长岩,具有明显的片麻理构造,部分岩石具有明显的变形组构,其片麻理方向与变质核杂岩中拆离断层方向一致。似斑状花岗岩仅显示微弱片麻理,而细粒二长花岗岩则为明显的块状构造,表明该岩体为同伸展变形就位产物。锆石U-Pb同位素测定显示,该岩体不同岩相岩石具有大体一致的年龄,其形成于120～130Ma的早白垩世,而不是以前认为的三叠纪。该岩体岩石具有较大的地球化学成分变化范围,其中片麻状和似斑状岩石具有高Sr含量(>600ppm)、低Y、Yb含量、轻重稀土分馏强烈的特点;而细粒二长花岗岩则相对低Sr高Rb、低~(87)Rb/~(86)Sr比值。Sr-Nd同位素综合分析表明,饮马湾山花岗岩主要来源于下地壳,但较大的范围Mg~#、Sr、Nd同位素组成则表明可能有其它物质(如岩石圈地幔、新生地壳)参与成岩作用。上述研究充分地显示,我国东部早白垩世岩浆活动发育在伸展构造背景,并可能与岩石圈减薄存在密切的联系。     

南黄海盆地南部坳陷晚白垩世-第四纪构造演化对油气的控制

受盆地差异成因机制的影响,南黄海盆地南部坳陷类型及构造演化有多种认识,并存在很大争议。通过重新划分构造单元和构造层,深入研究构造特征;将建湖隆起延伸入海,首次提出将南二凹陷划分为南二凹陷北和南二凹陷南两个凹陷;建立盆地构造格架,明确中新生代构造演化阶段及性质,以张引作用为主与挤压隆升相间,构成多期构造旋回;揭示构造对油气的控制作用,确定阜宁组为烃源岩发育有利层位,南五凹陷为烃源岩分布最优区域,并认为南五凹陷可以存在二次生烃;进行油气成藏模式对比,从而优选南五凹陷为最优区块。