渝东南地区石牛栏组稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

渝东南地区的下志留统石牛栏组作为重要的油气储集层,研究其古环境变化、物质来源及物源区构造背景具有重要意义。本文采用稀土元素总量w(ΣREE)、REE配分模式、以及w(ΣLREE)/w(ΣHREE)、w(La)_N/w(Yb)_N、w(Ce)_N/w(Yb)_N、w(La)_N/w(Sm)_N、w(Gd)_N/w(Yb)_N、δEu、δCe、Ce_(anom)等特征值研究方法,对渝东南下志留统石牛栏组典型剖面的稀土元素特征及古海洋环境和物源进行深入研究。结果表明:石牛栏组灰岩稀土元素总量略低于大陆地壳平均值,轻稀土较为富集,重稀土亏损,铕明显负异常,铈负异常较微弱。w(ΣREE)证实了石牛栏组的沉积水体由浅缓慢变深再急剧变浅的变化过程。Eu负异常、Ce负异常和C_(eanom)值均揭示石牛栏组沉积时期海水具有弱还原性。REE的分异程度反映了石牛栏组从沉积早期到沉积晚期,沉积速率总体降低。稀土元素的比值特征及w(ΣREE)—w(La)/w(Yb)图解表明其物源源自雪峰山隆起,源岩主要为沉积岩。     

西藏朱诺矿区外围次玛班硕地区铜成矿有利条件分析

次玛班硕地区处于冈底斯斑岩铜成矿带中段以西,北东距朱诺大型斑岩铜矿约10 km,西南距罗布真铅锌多金属矿约6 km。经综合对比分析,作者初步认为次玛班硕地区具备斑岩铜矿成矿的优越地质条件,具有寻找斑岩型铜矿的潜力。铜成矿有利条件为近EW向断裂构造,斑状二长花岗岩体及与其套合好、强度大、浓集分带明显的地球化学异常,地表的次生铜矿化、原生硫化矿及热液蚀变矿物。结合典型斑岩型铜成矿特征和成矿规律,现提出次玛班硕重要找矿方向:(1)中新世具埃达克岩化学性质的斑岩体是重要的成矿地质体及成矿的必备条件;(2)NW向和NE向的断裂构造是重要的成矿构造结构面、控矿因素;(3)岩体中裂隙发育地段、强烈的钾化—硅化及绢英岩化、碳酸盐化等蚀变及已发现的两个次生矿化脉地段是重要的找矿部位;(4)面积性的火烧皮与其吻合的一、二、三级羟基异常区段;(5)元素地球化学组合三级浓集分带异常区和高值区,以上各地段和特征区应引起足够的重视,具有很大的成矿潜力和找矿前景。因此本研究对该区域勘查找矿工作具有重要的指导意义。     

西藏斯弄多银-铅-锌矿床流体包裹体研究和稳定同位素特征

斯弄多银铅锌(金)矿床位于拉萨地体隆格尔—工布江达弧背断隆带南侧上,是冈底斯北缘Pb-Zn-Ag成矿带中段上发现的首例低硫化型浅成低温热液矿床。矿体赋存在林子宗群火山岩中,受火山活动形成的近南北向次级断裂控制。成矿过程可划分为伊利石-绢云母-玉髓-碧玉±铁锰碳酸盐(Ⅰ),石英-黄铁矿±方铅矿±闪锌矿(Ⅱ),方铅矿-闪锌矿-石英-黄铁矿-绢云母±银矿物±碳酸盐(Ⅲ),辉银矿-硫砷铜银矿-方铅矿±深红银矿±自然银±闪锌矿±黄铜矿(Ⅳ),以及石英±碳酸盐±绢云母(Ⅴ)等五个阶段。本次选取了34件Ⅲ阶段和12件V阶段样品进行包裹体岩相学、显微测温、包裹体的气相及离子色谱和Si-H-O同位素研究,探讨了斯弄多矿床的成矿流体性质、来源和成矿沉淀机制。研究结果表明:斯弄多矿床主成矿期石英和闪锌矿中发育纯液相型(PL)、富液相水溶液型(WL)和富气相水溶液型(WG)三种类型的包裹体,后期无矿石英脉中仅发育PL和WL两种类型。其中Ⅲ阶段石英均一温度为185.6~290.7℃,盐度介于1.57%~5.71%,密度为0.76~0.92 g/cm~3;闪锌矿均一温度为197.2~280.8℃,盐度介于1.22%~5.71%,密度为0.75~0.99 g/cm~3;Ⅴ阶段石英均一温度147.6~218.7℃,盐度介于2.07%~8.94%;密度为0.88~0.98 g/cm~3。成矿流体均具有低温、低压、低密度的特点。Ⅲ阶段石英包裹体中气相成分主要以H_2O和CO_2为主;液相成分中阳离子以Ca~(2+)、K~+为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2–)、Cl~–和F~–为主。Ⅱ阶段成矿流体的δ~(30)Si分布范围为–0.2‰~0.1‰,δD值介于–151‰~–177‰,计算获得的δ~(18)O H_2O值介于–5.02‰~–0.63‰。Si-H-O同位素结果表明,斯弄多矿床成矿流体主要为大气降水;包裹体中大量CO_2和SO_4~(2–)、F~–等酸性气体和离子成分表明流体中仍保留微弱岩浆水的特征。斯弄多矿床Ⅲ阶段流体为不混溶流体,流体沸腾、气体逃逸、热液隐爆是金属物质快速沉淀富集成矿的主要机制。     

西藏雄村铜金矿床流体包裹体显微测温与特征元素测定

雄村斑岩型铜金矿床作为冈底斯成矿带西段一个重要的大型铜金矿床的代表,对其成矿流体方面的研究还较为薄弱。文章在野外地质观察的基础上,对岩体的石英斑晶和不同期次的石英脉体中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学观察、显微测温、拉曼光谱分析以及同步辐射X射线荧光微探针分析。岩相学观察显示,石英脉中流体包裹体主要为气液两相水溶液包裹体、含CO_2三相包裹体和含子晶三相包裹体。显微测温结果显示,早期石英硫化物脉体中流体包裹体均一温度范围为100~500℃,盐度w(Na Cleq)为0.35%~53.39%,晚期石英硫化物脉中流体包裹体均一温度范围为120~440℃,盐度w(Na Cleq)为1.39%~22.67%。拉曼光谱分析结果显示,矿化石英脉中流体包裹体发育CO_2、CH_4、N_2,有利于促进流体的相分离,不混溶气体的分离也有利于金属元素的沉淀。同步辐射X射线荧光微探针分析结果表明,石英闪长斑岩流体包裹体中富含成矿元素Cu和Au,在流体包裹体气相中,Mo、S、Fe、Mn、Hg、Ni、Tl、Cr、K等元素无一例外地相对富集,Zn、Pb、Rb、As、Br则优先进入液相。高温热液流体不混溶相分离过程中,成矿元素选择性迁移,在各相中进行不均匀分配。因此,雄村矿床成矿流体是直接从岩浆熔体中出溶的高温、高氧化性、高盐度的富含Cu、Au、Mo、Fe等元素的岩浆流体,成矿元素在流体出溶和分离各相中的不均匀分配是成矿元素最终富集成矿的关键因素。     

藏南拿日雍错片麻岩穹窿中新世淡色花岗岩的形成过程:变泥质岩部分熔融与分离结晶作用

拿日雍错片麻岩穹窿位于特提斯喜马拉雅带的东部,穹窿边部淡色花岗岩脉形成于21.8±0.3Ma,穹窿核部主体淡色花岗岩的结晶年龄为20.1±0.1Ma,其中1件样品记录了~17.3Ma热液蚀变事件。大部分淡色花岗岩具有以下特征:(1)较高的Si O2(72.9%),Al2O3(14.7%)和A/CNK(1.1),较低的Fe O、Mg O、Mn O和Ti O2;(2)高度变化的大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Sr、Ba)和高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Hf、Th)和Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf比值;(3)富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,Eu和Nd都显示负异常(Eu/Eu*0.7,Nd/Nd*=0.5~0.8);(4)Sr同位素比值变化范围较大(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.7132~0.7330),但Nd同位素比值一致(εNd(t)=-12.4~-10.9)。这些特征表明:拿日雍错淡色花岗岩形成于20Ma,是变泥质岩部分熔融作用的产物,经历了不同程度的斜长石、锆石、独居石、磷灰石、富Ti矿物等的分离结晶作用。     

基于Newmark模型的尼泊尔M_s8.1级地震滑坡危险性快速评估

在研究分析地震灾区地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、气象水文和典型地区滑坡的基础上,采用Newmark斜坡累积位移模型对2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_s8.1级地震诱发的滑坡危险性的空间分布状况进行了快速评估,通过典型地区的滑坡遥感解译结果验证表明评估结果具有较好的可信度,初步反映了尼泊尔地震诱发滑坡危险性分布的基本特征。然后考虑降雨作用对震后滑坡危险性的影响,对地震叠加降雨诱发滑坡危险性分布进行了快速预测。研究结果对地震应急救灾中的地质灾害防灾减灾具有重要的参考意义。     

Crop cover reconstruction and its effects on sediment retention in the Tibetan Plateau for 1900–2000

Geographically explicit historical land use and land cover datasets are increasingly required in studies of climatic and ecological effects of human activities. In this study, using historical population data as a proxy, the provincial cropland areas of Qinghai province and the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) for 1900, 1930, and 1950 were estimated. The cropland areas of Qinghai and the TAR for 1980 and 2000 were obtained from published statistical data with revisions. Using a land suitability for cultivation model, the provincial cropland areas for the 20th century were converted into crop cover datasets with a resolution of 1 × 1 km. Finally, changes of sediment retention due to crop cover change were assessed using the sediment delivery ratio module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (In- VEST) model (version 3.3.1). There were two main results. (1) For 1950–1980 the fractional cropland area increased from 0.32% to 0.48% and land use clearly intensified in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), especially in the Yellow River–Huangshui River Valley (YHRV) and the midstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries valley (YRTT). For other periods of the 20th century, stability was the main trend. (2) For 1950–1980, sediment export increased rapidly in the Minhe autonomous county of the YHRV, and in the Nianchu River and Lhasa River basins of the YRTT, which means that sediment retention clearly decreased in these regions over this period. The results of this assessment provide scientific support for conservation planning, development planning, or restoration activities.     

Study on the Anomaly of Small Earthquake Activity Before Moderate-strong Earthquake in the Northeast Margin of the Qinghai- Xizang （Tibet） Block

26 earthquakes with MS ≥5. 0 have been recorded in the northeast margin of the Qinghai- Xizang (Tibet) block since 1980,22 of which were relatively independent of other moderate- strong earthquakes. Research on the increase of small earthquake activity before the 22 moderate-strong earthquakes has indicated that small earthquake activity was enhanced before 17 of the moderate-strong earthquakes. Though the increased seismicity is a common phenomenon in the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang ( Tibet ) block,we have difficulty in predicting the moderate-strong earthquakes by this phenomenon. In order to predict the moderate-strong earthquakes through the increased seismicity of small earthquakes,this paper attempts to propose a new method, which calculates small earthquake frequency through the change of distribution pattern of small earthquakes, based on the characteristics of small earthquake activity in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block,and then make primary applications. The result shows that we are able to obtain obvious anomalies in the frequency of small earthquakes before moderate strong earthquakes through the new method,with little spatial range effect on the amplitude of this small earthquake frequency anomaly. We can obtain mid to short-term anomaly indices for moderate-strong earthquakes in the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block.     

Discovery of the Surface Rupture Zone on the South of Helishan in Gaotai,Gansu Province

According to a new investigation in the northern Hexi corridor,the remains of two surface rupture zones were discovered on the southern margin fault of the Helishan. One rupture has a length of approximately 7km and the other 10km. The two surface rupture zones might have been produced by the latest earthquake event. On the surface rupture is continuous scarp and free face caused by the rupture. The scarp is about 1 ～ 1. 5m high and on some sites,nearly up to 2m. According to the OSL results,the latest T1 terrace and higher flood plain forming in 3000a B. P. are dislocated by the fault. The above reveals the rupture age to be later than the T1 terrace. However,in the historical data and earthquake catalogue,we didn't find related information about the fault and surface rupture in this area. The 180 A. D. Biaoshi M8. 0 earthquake and the 756 A. D. Zhangye-Jiuquan M7. 0 earthquake are documented in historical data. It is inferred by textual research that the two earthquakes are related to the northern marginal fault of Yumushan in the south of the basin. Due to a lack of reliable evidence,there are still many arguments on this inferred conclusion. Thus we hold that the two surface rupture zones were produced by one of the two large earthquakes or other unrecorded historical event. The research on the activity and surface rupture of this fault can offer valuable information for the tectonic study and strong earthquake risk estimates of this region in the future.     

High resolution transmission electron microscopy evaluation of silica glaze reveals new textures

We present the first nanoscale investigation of silica glaze. High resolution transmission electron microscopy of a rock coating from the Ashikule Basin, Tibetan Plateau, reveals the presence of spheroids composed predominantly of silicon and oxygen with diameters ranging from 20 nm to 70 nm. While silica glaze spheroids co‐exist with manganese‐rich rock varnish in the same sample, the different rock coatings are texturally and physically distinct at the nanoscale. These observations are consistent with a model of silica glaze formation starting with soluble aluminum‐silicon (Al‐Si) complexes [Al(OSi(OH)³)²⁺], mobilized with gentle wetting events such as dew or frost. The transition between complete and partial wetting on silica surfaces rests at about 20–70 nm for liquid droplets. Upon crossing this transition, a metastable wetting film would be ruptured, initiating formation of silica glaze through spheroid deposition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.