贵州都匀下泥盆统蟒山群Zosterophyllum australianum(澳大利亚工蕨)新材料及其古地理意义*

Zosterophyllum(工蕨属)是早期陆生植物的代表性类群之一,全球广泛分布。Z.australianum(澳大利亚工蕨)产自华南和澳大利亚,是东北冈瓦纳古植物地理区系的典型分子。文中描述了产自贵州都匀包阳剖面蟒山群中的Z.australianum新材料。该标本的孢子囊具短柄,呈椭圆形或扇形,宽2.6~4.1 mm,高可达3.9 mm,加厚带宽约0.6 mm,紧密螺旋排列形成孢子囊穗,与云南文山早泥盆世坡松冲植物群中的Z. australiaunum极为相似。依据目前对Z. australianum时代延限的认识,并结合蟒山群其他植物属种的发现(如Adoketophyton subverticillatum),推断该群下段的时代为早泥盆世布拉格期。Z. australianum在蟒山群中的发现,扩展了该植物的地理分布范围,反映出蟒山群中的植物组合与坡松冲植物群存在一定联系。     

巴基斯坦印度扇近海盆地油气地质条件分析

南秦岭柞水银洞子—山阳桐木沟铅银锌矿带地处陕西柞山地区中部,位于中秦岭晚古生代弧前盆地的柞水—山阳矿集区内。该带东西长约71 km,南北宽1～7 km。对带内银洞子（铜）铅银菱铁矿床、黑沟铅锌菱铁矿床、桐木沟锌矿床、南沟（银）铅矿床和松林沟铅矿点的地质、矿体、蚀变、矿化规律进行总结,发现矿体均严格产于中-上泥盆统青石垭组,具有明显的时控、层控、岩控及后期热液改造成矿特征,属典型的海底热水喷流沉积-热液改造层控矿床,构成与晚古生代海底热水喷流沉积-热液改造作用有关的铅锌银成矿系列。建立以层控+热液改造为主控矿条件,以青石垭组热水沉积岩+断裂+化探异常+硫化物、重晶石、菱铁矿蚀变分带为组合的找矿模型,对柞山地区金属矿的找矿突破具有重要的指导意义。     

南黄海海域2021年绿潮的遥感监测与分析

通过卫星遥感影像对2021年南黄海海域绿潮的分布和发展进行了持续监测,发现3月底主要以马尾藻分布为主,后续马尾藻向北发展;5月中旬,南黄海中部海域监测到马尾藻分布;5月下旬,绿潮分布靠近江苏近岸,规模迅速扩大,主要以浒苔分布为主;6月19日达到峰值,随后绿潮覆盖面积下降,至8月25日完全消亡。绿潮规模在5月下旬进入暴发阶段,至6月中旬达到峰值。完整分析了南黄海海域2021年绿潮的发展与空间分布特征,可推动绿潮防控的研究与应用,为后续绿潮防控提供参考。     

南秦岭地区下寒武统黑色页岩赋存的千家坪大型钒矿地球化学特征及成矿环境

南秦岭地区下寒武统黑色页岩是我国主要的富钒层位,其中千家坪大型钒矿是典型代表。矿体主要赋存在水沟口组第一岩性段的碳硅质岩石中。为了探讨钒矿的成矿物质来源和南秦岭早寒武世古海洋氧化-还原环境,本文对水沟口组第一岩性段富钒碳硅质岩和上覆的第二岩性段泥质灰岩开展了岩石地球化学研究。第一岩性段碳硅质岩比第二岩性段泥质灰岩具有更高的Y/Ho比值,说明碳硅质岩主要为海水自生沉积形成的,而泥质灰岩的物质组成主要来自陆源碎屑。Eu/Eu^*与V含量不具备正相关关系,且Y/P₂O₅-Zr/Cr和Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)图解均显示钒矿主要是海水沉积形成的,热液作用对成矿元素的富集贡献很小。水沟口组样品Ce/Ce^*均为负异常,变化范围为0.26~0.96,第一岩性段钒矿石比第二岩性段泥质灰岩具有高Mo/Sc、V/Sc、V/Cr比值,低Th/U比值的特征,反映了早寒武世早期南秦岭为氧化-还原分层的古海洋结构,而晚期古海洋则全部被氧化。     

深海海底边界层原位观测系统研发与应用

为进一步研究南海北部陆坡海洋动力过程对深海海底边界层的影响,研发了“深海海底边界层原位观测系统(In-situ Observation System for Bottom Boundary Layer in Abyssal Sea)”,ABBLOS。观测系统主体为坐底式深海运载平台,最大工作水深可达6 700 m(实际工作水深取决于搭载设备的耐压水深),是研究深海海底边界层问题的重要技术创新。观测平台由上下两部分框架结构组成,上部框架用于搭载和回收观测设备,下部支撑架为配重,并且用于提供距离海底1 m的观测空间;同时创新性地设计了“卡槽定位-螺栓紧固”的连接方式连接上下两部分,连接方式简单可靠,保证了平台回收成功率。ABBLOS集成了75 k-ADCP、高频ADCP、ADV、高精度压力计、海底摄像机等设备,以及甲烷、温盐深、浊度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位等传感器,首次实现了内波、中尺度涡等海洋动力过程与海底边界层物理化学参数的动态变化同步观测,特别是可以观测距离海底1 m高度范围的水体流速剖面,并且达到7 mm一层的垂向空间分辨率。研制完成后,2020年在南海北部陆坡神狐海域655 m和1 405 m水深处分别成功布放并回收,观测时间共计34天,采集到观测站位上覆海水的流速剖面结构,捕捉到了平均周期为1天1次的内波作用过程,以及海底边界层的多种物理化学参数。初步分析655 m水深处的观测数据后,发现深海海底边界层的温度、压力、溶解氧、密度和盐度等参数受控于海洋潮汐过程,尤其是温度和压力的变化基本与潮汐周期同步。海底边界层氧化环境较为稳定,甲烷浓度由高变低,但是基本在海洋溶解甲烷平均浓度范围内。与潮汐相比,内孤立波对深海海底边界层水体的影响程度较小,但是明显可以引起沉积物的再悬浮,引起的海底边界层的海水浊度从背景值的0.01 NTU增大到48 NTU,海底摄像机也记录到了内孤立波期间深海底层海水突然变浑浊的过程,说明南海内孤立波可以影响海底沉积物的输运。     

古生代中国中西部三大陆块古地理位置重建与演变

针对古生代中国中西部华北、华南和塔里木三大陆块在全球洋-陆格局中的古地理位置还存在的争议问题,本论文以国际最新的古地理位置重建研究方法和思路,在对中国三大陆块盆地(鄂尔多斯、四川和塔里木盆地)古生界钻井岩心的古地磁实测研究、全球古生代古地磁数据收集与有效性筛选处理、全球主要地质事件约束等多参数融合分析的基础上,采用最新的 GPlates 板块重建方法,对中国华北、华南和塔里木三大陆块在全球洋-陆格局中的古地理位置进行了重建和定位。研究结果表明:古生代三大陆块主要在全球 ±30° 之间的南北中低纬度之间迁移;三大陆块在古生代至少发生了 3 次不同的顺时针旋转和方位角转换;三大陆块运移速率至少经历了 3 次以上不同高、低速度间的转换与变化过程;响应于古生代全球洋-陆形成与演化,中国三大陆块古构造格局总体上经历了洋盆扩张下的“多岛洋”离散、俯冲碰撞下的离散-汇聚并存、俯冲消减下的差异汇聚隆升、新旧洋盆转换下的差异汇聚-离散、拼合与地幔柱控制下的差异汇聚-离散内部拉张的差异性演变过程。古生代中国三大陆块在全球洋-陆格局中的位置与差异性演变,奠定了中国三大陆块古生代不同性质盆地的形成与演化、不同层系油气烃源、储集原始物质差异性发育的基础。     

Geology and mineralization of the supergiant Shimensi granitic-type W-Cu-Mo deposit (1.168 Mt) in northern Jiangxi,South China: A Review

The Shimensi deposit is a recently discovered W-Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit located in the Jiangnan porphyry-skarn W belt in South China. The deposit has a resource of 0.74×10⁶ t of WO₃ accompanied by 0.4×10⁶ t Cu and 28000 t Mo and other useful components like Ga, making it one of the largest W deposits in the world. This paper is aimed to reveal the ore-controlling mechanisms of the Shimensi deposit, involving the role of the ore-related granites, the tectonic background for its formation, and the metallogenesis model. The systematic geological survey suggests multi-types of alteration are developed in the deposit, mainly including greisenization, potassic-alteration, sericitization, chloritization, and silicification. Drilling engineering data and mining works indicate that the Shimensi deposit consists of two main orebodies of I and II. Therein, the W resource has reached a supergiant scale, and the accompanied Cu, Mo, Au, Bi, Ga, and some other useful components are also of economic significance. The main ore-minerals consist of scheelite, wolframite and chalcopyrite. Disseminated mineralization is the dominant type of the W-Cu-Mo polymetallic orebodies, and mainly distributes in the inner and external contact zone that between the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite and the Yanshanian granites. The main orebody occurs at the external contact zone, and the pegmatoid crust near the inner contact zone is an important prospecting marker of the W mineralization. Of them, the disseminated W ores within the wall rock of the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite is a new mineralization type identified in this paper. Combining previous geochronological and isotopic data, we propose that the mineralization of the Shimensi deposit is closely related to the intruding of the Yanshanian porphyritic biotite granite and granite porphyry. Geochemical data suggest that the biotite granodiorite is rich in Ca and had provided a large amount of Ca for the precipitation of scheelite in this area. Thus, it is a favorable wall rock type for W mineralization. The Shimensi deposit belongs to granitic-type W polymetallic deposit related to post-magmatic hydrothermal, and the ore-forming fluid was initially derived from the Yanshanian magmas.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Experimental investigation of hydrate formation in water-dominated pipeline and its influential factors

Blockage in water-dominated flow pipelines due to hydrate reformation has been suggested as a potential safety issue during the hydrate production. In this work, flow velocity-dependent hydrate formation features are investigated in a fluid circulation system with a total length of 39 m. A 9-m section pipe is transparent consisted of two complete rectangular loops. By means of pressurization with gas-saturated water, the system can gradually reach the equilibrium conditions. The result shows that the hydrates are delayed to appear as floccules or thin films covering the methane bubbles. When the circulation velocity is below 750 rpm, hydrate is finally deposited as a “hydrate bed” at upmost of inner wall, narrowing the flow channel of the pipeline. Nevertheless, no plugging is observed during all the experimental runs. The five stages of hydrate deposition are proposed based on the experimental results. It is also revealed that a higher driving pressure is needed at a lower flow rate. The driving force of hydrate formation from gas and water obtained by melting hydrate is higher than that from fresh water with no previous hydrate history. The authors hope that this work will be beneficial for the flow assurance of the following oceanic field hydrate recovery trials.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Stability analysis of seabed strata and casing structure during the natural gas hydrates exploitation by depressurization in horizontal wells in South China Sea

Natural gas hydrates (NGHs) are a new type of clean energy with great development potential. However, it is urgent to achieve safe and economical NGHs development and utilization. This study established a physical model of the study area using the FLAC^3D software based on the key parameters of the NGHs production test area in the South China Sea, including the depressurization method, and mechanical parameters of strata, NGHs occurrence characteristics, and the technological characteristics of horizontal wells. Moreover, this study explored the law of influences of the NGHs dissociation range on the stability of the overburden strata and the casing structure of a horizontal well. The results are as follows. With the dissociation of NGHs, the overburden strata of the NGHs dissociation zone subsided and formed funnel-shaped zones and then gradually stabilized. However, the upper interface of the NGHs dissociation zone showed significant redistribution and discontinuity of stress. Specifically, distinct stress concentration and corresponding large deformation occurred in the build-up section of the horizontal well, which was thus prone to suffering shear failure. Moreover, apparent end effects occurred at the end of the horizontal well section and might cause the deformation and failure of the casing structure. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures in the build-up section and at the end of the horizontal section of the horizontal well to prevent damage and ensure the wellbore safety in the long-term NGHs exploitation.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Identification of functionally active aerobic methanotrophs and their methane oxidation potential in sediments from the Shenhu Area,South China Sea

Large amounts of gas hydrate are distributed in the northern slope of the South China Sea, which is a potential threat of methane leakage. Aerobic methane oxidation by methanotrophs, significant methane biotransformation that occurs in sediment surface and water column, can effectively reduce atmospheric emission of hydrate-decomposed methane. To identify active aerobic methanotrophs and their methane oxidation potential in sediments from the Shenhu Area in the South China Sea, multi-day enrichment incubations were conducted in this study. The results show that the methane oxidation rates in the studied sediments were 2.03–2.36 μmol/gdw/d, which were higher than those obtained by sediment incubations from other areas in marine ecosystems. Thus the authors suspect that the methane oxidation potential of methanotrophs was relatively higher in sediments from the Shenhu Area. After the incubations family Methylococcaea (type I methanotrophs) mainly consisted of genus Methylobacter and Methylococcaea_Other were predominant with an increased proportion of 70.3%, whereas Methylocaldum decreased simultaneously in the incubated sediments. Collectively, this study may help to gain a better understanding of the methane biotransformation in the Shenhu Area.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.