一次华南双雨带暴雨中的位涡演变与雨带间的相互作用

利用实况资料和WRF中尺度数值模式对2008年6月12日18时—14日00时的华南双雨带暴雨过程进行了数值模拟与诊断分析。结果表明:随着锋面的南压,在锋面的西南方向(广西沿海)生成一低涡,该低涡作为位涡源在中高层表现稳定,分别为锋面雨带(北雨带)与暖区雨带(南雨带)提供正位涡。南雨带对北雨带的作用主要体现在中层(112~114°E附近),南雨带中有位涡的大值向北输送,其输送过程导致两条雨带在该处相连,而在115°E以东的南雨带则无明显的输送过程。同时,北部高空槽中也有大值位涡向北雨带输送,以维持北雨带。研究还发现,本次过程中暖区暴雨与锋面暴雨雨带的结构差异明显,锋面雨带的结构与传统雨带的结构比较一致;有利于暖区暴雨降水的形势主要表现在中高层。RIP轨迹模式的结果也表明,质点在运动过程中位涡的输送源是位于广西沿海的低涡,可见该位涡源对双雨带形成有重要的作用。     

Cities within cities: intra-urban comparison of infrastructure in Mumbai,Delhi and Cape Town

Comparison is now taken as vital to the constitution of knowledge about cities and urbanism. However, debate on comparative urbanism has been far more attentive to the merits of comparisons between cities than it has been to the potential and challenges of comparisons within cities—to what we call “Intra-Urban Comparison” (IUC). We argue that a focus on the diverse forms of urbanism located within cities may generate critical knowledge for both intra- and inter-urban comparative projects. IUCs highlight the diversity inherent in the category “city,” revealing dimensions of the urban that are central to how cities work and are experienced. We mobilise fieldwork within three cities: Mumbai, Delhi and Cape Town, and consider both how these cities have been historically understood as different urban worlds within a city, and discuss key findings from IUCs we have conducted on infrastructures. We find that IUCs can enhance comparative work both within and between cities: reconceptualising urban politics; attending to the varied and contradictory trajectories of urban life; and bringing visibility to the diverse routes through which progressive change can occur.     

南海海洋环流研究综述

综述了近二十年来南海海洋环流的主要研究成果,指出太阳辐射、季风和地形是影响南海环流的主要因素;提出了南海环流研究中应特别注意的几个关键问题,即南海环流的平均状态、南海暖流、南海中的局地涡旋、南海暖池、黑潮与南海水的交换、地形对南海环流的作用以及南海水温变化与ENSO的关系等;最后就目前研究中存在的困难提出了相应的对策。     

珠江口盆地的沉积充填与珠江的形成演变

沉积物元素地球化学分析表明,南海北部地区沉积物渐新统与中新统明显不同,两者之间存在物源突变事件。这一沉积地质事件在时间上与南海扩张轴发生跳跃、滇西高原以及东喜马拉雅构造结的快速隆升等一系列地质构造事件十分吻合,是珠江以及珠江口盆地搬运—沉积—充填演化史上一次重大的转变。Ca/Si、CIA以及Al₂O₃等参数变化显示,珠江侵蚀区极有可能由渐新世近源硅酸盐为主的华南沿海地区拓展为中新世远达青藏高原东麓的云贵高原碳酸盐为主的地区,流域范围突然扩大。同时伴随沉积物供给增大,造成珠江口盆地从渐新世富砂为主的沉积堆积体系转变为中新世以来以泥为主的沉积堆积体系,显示出珠江的发育演化以及中新世以来的青藏高原隆升在南海北部的沉积充填演变中扮演了重要角色,对南海北部地区油气藏的形成影响深远。     

云南省出口东盟的特征及其经济和就业贡献率分析

利用海关信息数据、统计年鉴数据、相关贸易指标以及投入产出方法分析云南省与东盟之间的出口贸易特征,出口带来的经济和就业贡献。结果表明：云南省与东盟之间的贸易依赖关系显著增强,但是与东盟联系强度的空间分布不均匀,同时云南对东盟的出口产品出现升级特征,由矿产品、化工产品为主的出口转向了以农产品、电子制造产品为主的出口。云南省出口东盟农林牧渔产品对本省经济和就业贡献率最大,对农林牧渔产品深加工,有助于云南省的经济增长和保障就业,同时也有助于促进产业发展向技术密集型产业转型。     

Spatiotemporal Variation of South African Jobless Trends: Policy Directions

The need to understand the spatiotemporal change in South African unemployment trends underlies this research. The country has undergone significant socioeconomic change since the fall of apartheid in 1994. Not only has the labor market expanded, but unemployment has also increased. This necessitates a detailed spatial understanding to ensure effective policies at the municipal level to address unemployment. A database of unemployment statistics at the municipal level between 1991 and 2007 was created and used to spatially group municipalities. The results showed that metropolitan municipalities had unique unemployment characteristics and, contrary to findings elsewhere, an overall decrease in the dissimilarity between the unemployed and employed took place after 1991. Therefore, policies should promote economic growth and skills development in municipalities where education levels are low.     

Detrital zircon and apatite constraints on depositional ages,sedimentation rates and provenance: Pliocene Productive Series,South Caspian Basin,Azerbaijan

We used detrital zircon U/Pb geochronology and apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He thermochronology to better constrain depositional ages and sedimentation rates for the Pliocene Productive Series in Azerbaijan. U/Pb analysis of 1,379 detrital zircon grains and (U–Th–Sm)/He analysis of 57 apatite grains—from Kirmaky Valley and Yasamal Valley onshore sections, Absheron Peninsula—yielded two distinct sub‐populations: “young” Neogene grains and “old” Mesozoic, Palaeozoic and Proterozoic/Archean grains. The large numbers of Neogene age grains (around 10% of all grain ages) provided a new absolute age constraint on the maximum depositional age of the Lower Productive Series of 4.0 Myr. These “young” Neogene zircon grains most likely originated from volcanic ash falls sourced from the Lesser Caucasus or Talesh Mountains. In this paper we propose a timescale scenario using the maximum depositional age of the Productive Series from detrital zircon grain U/Pb constraints. Potential consequences and limitations of using apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He dating method in estimating maximum depositional ages are also discussed. These new age constraints for the Lower Productive Series gave much faster sedimentation rates than previously estimated: 1.3 km/Myr in the South Caspian Basin margin outcrops and up to 3.9 km/Myr in the basin centre. The sedimentation rates are one of the highest in comparison to other sedimentary basins and coeval to global increase in sedimentation rates 2–4 Myr. The older group of detrital zircon grains constitutes the majority of grains in all sample sets (~80%). These older ages are inferred to reflect the provenance of the Productive Series sediment. This sediment is interpreted to have been derived from the Proterozoic and Archean crystalline basement rocks and Phanerozoic cover of the East European Craton, Proterozoic/Palaeozoic rocks of the Ural Mountains and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Greater Caucasus. This sediment was likely supplied from northerly sourced drainage that emptied into the South Caspian Basin.     

中国东南极地质考察20年进展与展望

在1998—2017年期间,我国组织了14次东南极地质考察,将考察的范围从中山站所在的拉斯曼丘陵向外扩展了约400 km,主要包括格罗夫山、埃默里冰架东缘-西南普里兹湾、北查尔斯王子山、布朗山、赖于尔群岛和西福尔丘陵等露岩区。通过大、中比例尺的地质编图和多学科综合研究,取得如下重要进展:(1)确定格罗夫山冰下高地为泛非期(~570—500 Ma)单相变质地体,发现镁铁质和泥质高压麻粒岩并刻画了泛非期造山的精细过程,为普里兹造山带的碰撞造山成因以及冈瓦纳超大陆的多陆块汇聚模型提供了岩石学支撑;(2)论证在印度克拉通与东南极陆块之间存在一个延长2 000 km的中元古代长寿命大陆岛弧,岛弧岩浆作用从~1 500 Ma一直持续到~1 000 Ma,提出雷纳造山带格林维尔期(~1 000—900 Ma)的构造演化可能经历了从弧陆碰撞到陆陆碰撞的过程;(3)在赖于尔群岛超高温变泥质岩中识别出早期蓝晶石的残留,确定了超高温变质作用顺时针演化的精细P-T轨迹;(4)在西福尔丘陵西南部基性岩墙群中发现了格林维尔期(~960—940 Ma)不均匀麻粒岩化,变质条件达820—870℃、0.84—0.97 GPa,认为西福尔陆块也卷入到印度克拉通与东南极陆块的碰撞造山过程;(5)在西福尔丘陵东南部浅变质冰川漂砾和松散砂中获得~3.5—3.3 Ga的古老锆石U-Pb年龄,推测在西福尔丘陵东南方向存在一个从前未知的古太古代冰下陆块。建议今后在东南极面向印度洋构造域的地质考察要进一步扩展到南查尔斯王子山、内皮尔杂岩和登曼冰川,研究工作的重点仍聚焦在南极大陆如何响应地质历史时期里超级大陆的聚散过程这一关键科学问题上,并可在以下几个方面展开:(1)太古宙古老地壳及陆核的识别与全球对比;(2)格林维尔期造山记录与罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚;(3)泛非期造山记录与冈瓦纳超大陆汇聚;(4)显生宙冈瓦纳超大陆裂解及陆块分离。通过这些考察和研究工作,可以促使我国对南极地质科学的研究达到国际先进水平。     

南海资源环境地理研究综述

南海及沿岸地带是亚太地区经济发展最有活力和潜力的地区之一,受全球变化和人类活动的影响,南海资源环境正发生快速变化,对社会、经济、生态和环境带来新压力。本文从地理空间信息角度,以海岸资源、海洋资源和珊瑚礁资源的地理研究为综述内容,梳理了该区域岸线遥感监测、油气资源储量及渔业资源渔获量的地理差异、珊瑚礁地貌遥感监测与珊瑚白化等相关研究进展,讨论了已有研究的成果及其薄弱方向,依据发展趋势探讨了未来研究工作的重点。综述发现,南海资源环境的地理空间研究中,主要成果表现在资源环境的大面积快速监测与地理分异性方面,但在资源分布的内在机制及资源开发的环境效应影响方面仍缺少足够的研究。未来可望获得突破的研究主要包括：区域时空多尺度特征及其效应,区域间自然和社会发展的分异和规律,多源数据融合的南海资源动态监测的精度与时效的提高,以及资源变化过程的海洋生态与环境综合效应研究等。     

地理信息技术支撑下的南海岛礁资源环境研究进展与展望

面积辽阔的南海是中国未来重要的能源接续区与资源基地,也是涉及国家海洋权益最为集中的区域。本文针对地理信息技术支撑下的南海岛礁研究现状,从南海岛礁现有基础数据成果、遥感手段岛礁基础地理信息提取方法及提取成果所做的岛礁分析与评价3方面,系统地回顾了国内外涉及南海岛礁资源环境研究的相关进展,评述了现有研究技术方法存在的不足,并对未来的研究进行了展望,在此基础上,提出了3个主要方向作为未来研究的重点：①促进遥感数据获取多源化,构建海量多源、多尺度南海岛礁遥感数据仓库;②加强技术协同创新,结合地理信息技术的发展,提升岛礁信息提取与监测的准确性与可靠性;③提升遥感分析智能化,研究并建立综合分析与情势推演平台及战略决策辅助支撑系统,以期为南海岛礁的进一步深入研究提供参考。