黑色岩系型矿床与页岩气藏之间的耦合关系

黑色岩系,作为众多多金属矿床的矿源层,具有重大的经济和科研价值而广受国内外学者关注。中国南方下寒武统黑色岩系中广泛产出大中型金属型矿床,如Ni-Mo矿、V矿及PGE矿。但同时作为能源矿产的页岩气在下寒武统黑色岩系中也广泛成藏,因此有必要研究两者之间的耦合关系。本文综述前人已经发表的黑色岩系的一些地球化学特征,特别是有机地球化学特征,初步揭示金属成矿与页岩气成藏之间的耦合关系,研究成果有利于进一步探讨黑色岩系型金属成矿与页岩气成藏的沉积古环境,对指导金属矿床与页岩气藏资源协同勘探及综合预测及开发具有重大科学意义。     

石河子垦区浅层地下水动态变化研究

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,在干旱半干旱地区,地下水是主要的、有时甚至是唯一的可用水源。选取新疆石河子垦区为研究区,收集相关的水文、气象和地下水监测资料,并进行整理计算、分析垦区浅层地下水年际及年内间的动态变化特征,为干旱区地下水资源可持续开发利用提供一定的理论支持。     

典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局——以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例

以四川省凉山州彝族自治州(凉山州)为例,运用熵值法和聚类分析法将其生计资本划分成较高、中等和较低三级,并将各县(市)农户生计资本划分成不同的类型。在此基础上,对农户生计资本的空间格局特征进行研究,结果表明:1.生计资本的空间差异特征明显。农户生计资本分布与凉山州地理资源条件空间位置有较强的藕合性,安宁河流域的"五县一市"农户生计资本存量水平均高于其他县域;县域生计资本空间差异十分显著,农户生计资本表现出较强的空间聚集性。2.农户生计资本存量与少数民族人口空间分布呈极强的负相关,即凉山州少数民族(或彝族)集中分布区与生计资本的低值区基本相重合。3.农户生计资本存量与交通优势度之间呈强的正相关,与地形起伏度呈中度负相关。4.农户生计资本总量与农民人均纯收入之间呈极强的正相关。     

基于ADS40无控条件的海岛礁地形测量方法研究

针对远离大陆的海岛礁地形测绘与高程基准转换困难的问题,基于ADS40航摄系统获取远离大陆的海岛礁区域遥感影像,按照GPS差分无地面控制点的空中三角测量模式实现海岛礁的地理定位,选择高精度的卫星测高模型实现海岛礁区域的高程基准转换。在某海域进行了ADS40测量作业与高程基准转换试验,结果表明,无地面控制点空中三角测量的平面精度达到0.587m;基于卫星测高模型进行垂直基准转换的精度与同步验潮水位观测法得到的高程传递精度相当。     

Assessment of Human Impacts on Vegetation in Built-up Areas in China Based on AVHRR,MODIS and DMSP_OLS Nighttime Light Data,1992–2010

Since the reform and opening-up program started in 1978,the level of urbanization has increased rapidly in China.Rapid urban expansion and restructuring have had significant impacts on the ecological environment especially within built-up areas.In this study,ArcGIS 10,ENVI 4.5,and Visual FoxPro 6.0 were used to analyze the human impacts on vegetation in the built-up areas of 656Chinese cities from 1992 to 2010.Firstly,an existing algorithm was refined to extract the boundaries of the built-up areas based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP_OLS)nighttime light data.This improved algorithm has the advantages of high accuracy and speed.Secondly,a mathematical model(Human impacts(HI))was constructed to measure the impacts of human factors on vegetation during rapid urbanization based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI.HI values greater than zero indicate relatively beneficial effects while values less than zero indicate proportionally adverse effects.The results were analyzed from four aspects:the size of cities(metropolises,large cities,medium-sized cities,and small cities),large regions(the eastern,central,western,and northeastern China),administrative divisions of China(provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities)and vegetation zones(humid and semi-humid forest zone,semi-arid steppe zone,and arid desert zone).Finally,we discussed how human factors impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.We found that urban planning policies and developmental stages impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The negative human impacts followed an inverted′U′shape,first rising and then falling with increase of urban scales.China′s national policies,social and economic development affected vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The findings can provide a scientific basis for municipal planning departments,a decision-making reference for government,and scientific guidance for sustainable development in China.     

Co-location of activities and designations: A means of solving or creating problems in marine spatial planning?

Worldwide demand for energy is growing and predicted to increase by up to three times by 2050. Renewable energy will play a vital role in meeting this demand whilst maintaining global climate change targets. Around the British Isles, development of wind farms has entered Round three, with large, high capacity wind parks being planned to enhance energy security and achieve 2020 renewable energy targets. Such developments place additional pressure on existing sea space and may result in conflicts with other marine activities and users. Co-location of certain activities, marine protected areas, aquaculture and commercial fishing in particular, has therefore been proposed as an option to ease demands on space. Using the UK guided by EU and regional policy, as a case study, following the criteria-based planning system, co-location is legally feasible. Crucially, co-location options will depend on site specific characteristics and site management plans. The biology, ecology and hydrology of the site as well as consideration of important commercial and economic factors will be determining factors of success. For marine protected areas compatibility with conservation objectives for the site will be fundamental. Where possible, it is suggested that activities suitable for co-location will develop in tandem with renewable energy projects. The importance of developing joint projects in this manner is particularly true for aquaculture projects to ensure tenure security and commercial viability. Adaptive management will be a basis for evolution of the concept and practice of co-location. Pilot projects and continued monitoring will be essential in shaping the future of co-location of activities. As the Marine Management Organisation continues the development of marine plans for the English inshore and offshore waters, a study into potential solutions for resolving sea use conflicts is timely. This paper therefore provides a concise overview of the current regulation affecting co-location of key marine activities within wind farm zones and provides suggestions on how co-location projects can be adopted and taken forward, using the UK as a case study.     

Why local people do not support conservation: Community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts,governance and management in Thailand

Conservation success is often predicated on local support for conservation which is strongly influenced by perceptions of the impacts that are experienced by local communities and opinions of management and governance. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are effective conservation and fisheries management tools that can also have a broad array of positive and negative social, economic, cultural, and political impacts on local communities. Drawing on results from a mixed-methods study of communities on the Andaman Coast of Thailand, this paper explores perceptions of MPA impacts on community livelihood resources (assets) and outcomes as well as MPA governance and management. The area includes 17 National Marine Parks (NMPs) that are situated near rural communities that are highly dependent on coastal resources. Interview participants perceived NMPs to have limited to negative impacts on fisheries and agricultural livelihoods and negligible benefits for tourism livelihoods. Perceived impacts on livelihoods were felt to result from NMPs undermining access to or lacking support for development of cultural, social, political, financial, natural, human, physical, and political capital assets. Conflicting views emerged on whether NMPs resulted in negative or positive marine or terrestrial conservation outcomes. Perceptions of NMP governance and management processes were generally negative. These results point to some necessary policy improvements and actions to ameliorate: the relationship between the NMP and communities, NMP management and governance processes, and socio-economic and conservation outcomes.     

Frequent locations of oceanic fronts as an indicator of pelagic diversity: Application to marine protected areas and renewables

Frequent locations of thermal fronts in UK shelf seas were identified using an archive of 30,000 satellite images acquired between 1999 and 2008, and applied as a proxy for pelagic diversity in the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Networks of MPAs are required for conservation of critical marine habitats within Europe, and there are similar initiatives worldwide. Many pelagic biodiversity hotspots are related to fronts, for example cetaceans and basking sharks around the Isle of Man, Hebrides and Cornwall, and hence remote sensing can address this policy need in regions with insufficient species distribution data. This is the first study of UK Continental Shelf front locations to use a 10-year archive of full-resolution (1.1 km) AVHRR data, revealing new aspects of their spatial and seasonal variability. Frontal locations determined at sea or predicted by ocean models agreed closely with the new frequent front maps, which also identified many additional frontal zones. These front maps were among the most widely used datasets in the recommendation of UK MPAs, and would be applicable to other geographic regions and to other policy drivers such as facilitating the deployment of offshore renewable energy devices with minimal environmental impact.     

Response to the article by Peter Harris: Fortress,safe haven or home? The Chagos MPA in political context

I welcome the contribution by Harris to the ongoing debates around the Chagos Islands. He presents the complex tangle of issues with some clarity and relative balance that is often absent from many contributions on this subject.However, marrying scientific and political issues as Harris sets out to do is less helpful in this instance than distinguishing between the two. Blurring these boundaries can risk the future of the Chagos Marine Preservation Area (MPA) and the invaluable protection it affords the many species (including important food species) now thriving in the Chagos Archipelago. CCT works to study and protect this unique environment, and we would like to make some important distinctions clear.     

The “Valley Economy” Model of Regional Development: A Case Study of Mountain Areas in Beijing,Northern China

A case study is presented of a regional development model for valley economies in the mountain areas of Beijing, China. The nature and framework of the valley economy model are described and the development of the model, which is specific to the mountain areas of Beijing, is analyzed. Five different valley economy models applied in the Beijing mountain areas are compared. The major purpose of the valley economy model is to develop the regional economy, including the selection of appropriate industries, the allocation of industrial space, the establishment of supply chains and the integration of various industries. Pilot experiments using the valley economy model have been conducted in seven counties（districts） in Beijing： Pinggu, Huairou, Changping, Mentougou, and Fangshan districts, and Yanqing and Miyun counties. Five models for developing the Beijing mountain areas have been explored, including： creative cultural industries, characteristic industry clusters, the promotion of large tourist areas, natural scenic tourism and folk cultural tourism. Each model has its own unique features and potential to help in the regional development of mountain areas.