From stormy seas to the doldrums: The challenges of navigating towards an ecologically coherent marine protected area network through England's Marine Conservation Zone process

There is an on-going process to establish Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs) in England, to form part of a coherent and representative network of marine protected areas under national and EU legislation. From 2009 to 2011, the MCZ process included strong participatory elements. Four regional multi-sector stakeholder groups developed MCZ recommendations collaboratively, in line with ecological guidance provided by the Government's nature conservation advisers. This guidance was based on Government policy principles, including that MCZs should be designated based on ‘best available evidence’. This paper analyses the multi-dimensional conflicts that emerged within the stakeholder group in south-west England, which were magnified by uncertainty about future MCZ management. In September 2011, after working through these conflicts through trade-offs and negotiations, the stakeholder groups jointly recommended 127 MCZs to Government. The process subsequently shifted to a top-down approach, with further stakeholder engagement limited to bilateral consultation. There was a concurrent shift in policy, from a broad-scale network-level focus towards single-feature conservation. A lengthy series of evidence reviews concluded that the existing evidence at the time was insufficient to progress with the designation of most sites, marking a clear departure from the policy principle of proceeding with the designation of a representative network based on ‘best available evidence’, and effectively undermining the work carried out by stakeholder groups. Though MCZ designation was originally timetabled for 2012, in November 2013 just 27 of the recommended 127 MCZs were designated in a first tranche. At the time, no clear timetable was in place for subsequent tranches.     

Outdoor recreation monitoring in coastal and marine areas – an overview of Nordic experiences and knowledge

This paper involves a collection and communication of important knowledge about and experiences with outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas. This is a topic that so far has received little attention, especially among researchers and practitioners working with outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas, who are in need of knowledge on the topic in order to advance monitoring activities and procedures. To remedy this situation, the purpose of this paper is to provide a knowledge base by listing and describing central literature contributions with important insight into outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas. More specifically, this includes information about: (a) where important knowledge about outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas can be found, (b) who the main contributors are and (c) what monitoring knowledge that has been reported so far. The paper also examines what tasks lie ahead for researchers and area managers in order to improve knowledge about outdoor recreation monitoring in Nordic coastal and marine areas. The paper is a central contribution and addition to manuals on outdoor recreation monitoring that are currently available in the Nordic countries.     

津冀海岸线现状、变化特征及保护建议

根据覆盖全区的3期遥感影像和实地调查,以及对滨海新区和滦河口2个典型区更深入的案例研究(包括回溯至1870年、1950年的基准岸线及逐年遥感信息),对津冀沿海海岸线现状进行解译和分类,并分析岸线变化特征及成因。津冀沿海现状岸线总长度894km,可以划分为自然岸线、半开发岸线和人工岸线3类,长度分别为90km、329km和475km。1950年以前为自然因素主导的岸线变化,1950年以后变为人类活动主导的岸线向海推进,逐渐加强的人类活动至2010年达到顶峰。在全球海面上升和区域地面下沉的大背景下,海岸线的自然演化趋势应该是向陆蚀退,但是人类活动主导的岸线变化却表现为违反自然趋势的向海推进。今后,向海推进最前沿的围海造陆区将受到来自海洋越来越强烈的影响,亟需加强监测和防护。兼顾环境保护与开发两方面的长远需求,建议赋予海岸线新的定义与内涵,划定岸线保护红线,恢复部分岸线的自然属性。     

中国南部及邻区能源资源成矿区带数据集

能源矿产是国家安全和经济发展的战略资源,加强我国及周边地区油气和煤等能源资源的研究和开发利用意义重大。依据板块构造和大陆动力学以及油气与煤成藏地质学理论,以深部构造控制盆—山发育、盆—山耦合和热动力系统控制成矿的研究工作思路,应用70个油气田、471个煤田的基础地质资料,从沉积盆地发育的区域地质特征、成矿地质条件和成矿单元诸多方面,在地理信息系统（GIS）平台上提示了该区板块构造格局与能源资源的时空分布规律。中国南部及邻区能源资源可划分为3个成矿域,每个成矿域又可进一步划分为成矿省、含矿区（盆地）、矿田聚集区带、矿田（油气田）五个级别的成矿区域。数据集由构造带（断裂带和造山带）类型和时代、盆地类型和时代、能源矿产资源类型和丰度、成矿区带等元数据组成。该数据集是在区域大地构造研究的基础上,结合沉积盆地能源矿产（石油、天然气、煤）资源评价资料,综合分析成矿区带特征,利用地理信息系统（GIS）建立的一套完整的数据库,不仅是对中国南部及邻区区域地质认识和沉积盆地能源资源勘查工作成果的集成,而且为国家科学地引导地质找矿工作部署提供理论基础。     

川滇黔邻区龙马溪组页岩气富集主控因素与勘探方向

中国的页岩气资源评价必须立足于中国主要陆块的地质条件与构造演化特点之上,对于不同层系、不同地区的页岩气选区评价,也必须抓住关键因素。川滇黔邻区的五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质页岩发育,但保存条件较渝东南地区更为复杂。印支期以来,该区经历了多期次构造应力场转换,断裂、褶皱发育,因此,建立针对性的页岩气选区评价参数体系是该区页岩气勘探走出困局的当务之急。本文在分析该区已有页岩气钻井成效的基础上,立足于扬子海相层系页岩气勘探应是基于保存条件的"连续型甜点区"的选区评价基本思路,结合前人研究成果,系统梳理出一套评价指标体系。该体系涵盖5大因素(区域盖层、直接盖层、底板条件、页岩层自身条件、构造改造强度)、4个等级、17个选区评价参数。另外,根据已有相关钻井数据,总结提出了5个页岩气层评价表征参数(含气量、孔隙度、电阻率、氮气组分含量和压力系数)。根据该指标体系,对川滇黔邻区的主要构造单元进行了梳理分析,优选出5个有利区,提出了各有利区的首选可能突破点。本研究对复杂构造区页岩气有利区带优选具有一定的指导意义。     

蚀变矿物填图技术在斑岩型铜矿找矿勘查中的应用—以滇西北香格里拉松诺矿床为例

松诺铜矿区位于香格里拉格咱斑岩铜矿带红山-普朗铜多金属成矿亚带中段,矿区剥蚀程度较低,具有寻找斑岩型铜矿的潜力。本次蚀变矿物填图工作采用近红外光谱矿物分析技术,识别出绿泥石、绿帘石、高岭石、云母类、蒙脱石类及伊利石等6类主要蚀变矿物,蚀变类型为青磐岩化、绢英岩化;结合物探、化探异常分布,圈定3处找矿靶区,经对KHT2、KHT3钻孔验证,深部均圈定多层铜矿化体。结果表明,近红外光谱矿物分析技术在斑岩型铜多金属矿床勘查评价中可以较好地划分热液矿化蚀变带,进一步明确斑岩型矿化-蚀变中心,为探矿工程部署提供依据。     

Resistivity of reservoir sandstones and organic rich shales on the Barents Shelf:Implications for interpreting CSEM data

Marine controlled source electromagnetic(CSEM)data have been utilized in the past decade during petroleum exploration of the Barents Shelf,particularly for de-risking the highly porous sandstone reservoirs of the Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic Realgrunnen Subgroup.In this contribution we compare the resistivity response from CSEM data to resistivity from wireline logs in both water-and hydrocarbon-bearing wells.We show that there is a very good match between these types of data,particularly when reservoirs are shallow.CSEM data,however,only provide information on the subsurface resistivity.Careful,geology-driven interpretation of CSEM data is required to maximize the impact on exploration success.This is particularly important when quantifying the relative re-sistivity contribution of high-saturation hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone and that of the overlying cap rock.In the presented case the cap rock comprises predominantly organic rich Upper Jurassic-Early Cretaceous shales of the Hekkingen Formation(i.e.a regional source rock).The resistivity response of the reservoir and its cap rock become merged in CSEM data due to the transverse resistance equivalence principle.As a result of this,it is imperative to understand both the relative contributions from reservoir and cap rock,and the geological sig-nificance of any lateral resistivity variation in each of the units.In this contribution,we quantify the resistivity of organic rich mudstone,i.e.source rock,and reservoir sandstones,using 131 exploration boreholes from the Barents Shelf.The highest resistivity(＞10,000 Ωm)is evident in the hydrocarbon-bearing Realgrunnen Subgroup which is reported from 48 boreholes,43 of which are used for this study.Pay zone resistivity is primarily controlled by reservoir quality(i.e.porosity and shale fraction)and fluid phase(i.e.gas,oil and water saturation).In the investigated wells,the shale dominated Hekkingen Formation exhibits enhanced resistivity compared to the background(i.e.the underlying and overlying stratigraphy),though rarely exceeds 20Ωm.Marine mudstones typically show good correlation between measured organic richness and resistivity/sonic velocity log signatures.We conclude that the resistivity contribution to the CSEM response from hydrocarbon-bearing sandstones out-weighs that of the organic rich cap rocks.     

福建省晋江市城市热岛强度时空变化特征分析

利用传统的气象站法, 结合空间统计学方法(普通克里金插值法), 对福建省晋江市2010—2014年40个自动气象站逐小时温度资料加以计算处理, 分析了晋江市年、季、昼夜热岛强度时空变化规律。(1)晋江市年、季、昼夜热岛强度都呈带状分布, 等值线呈西南-东北走向, 年、季、昼夜变化趋势显著, 北部热岛强度高于南部。五年间热岛强度持续增强, 但增幅不大, 增速放缓。(2)城市化水平的提高, 会导致热岛强度高值出现季节提前, 故旅游区秋冬季热岛强度高于春夏季, 中心城区和产业经济区夏秋季热岛强度高于冬春季。(3)晋江市热岛效应昼夜空间分布格局差异性大, 夜间热岛强度显著高于白天, 最低值出现在14—16时, 中心城区和产业经济区最低值出现时间较旅游区略推迟, 三个功能区的最高值均出现在凌晨。      

重庆市乡村义务教育资源可得性差异及影响因素

以国家统筹城乡教育发展试验区的重庆市乡村地区为例,采用Densi-Graph城乡识别法进行行政区划内部格网尺度的精准识别,在此基础上探究义务教育资源可得性水平的空间差异及影响因素。结果表明：1)基于Densi-Graph城乡识别法的重庆市城乡差异显著,乡村区域面积达79 752 km²,占区域总面积的96.82%。城市部分面积为2 616 km²,占区域总面积的3.18%。2)重庆市义务教育资源可得性水平具有显著的空间集聚与关联特征,并呈现由中心城区向外递减的格局。3)政府重视程度、社会经济发展水平、交通设施水平、自然地理环境均与义务教育资源可得性水平具有显著相关性。4)交通站点密度与教育投入是影响义务教育资源可得性水平的主导因子,二者与各项因子的交互叠加作用增强效果显著;影响机制上,地形起伏度与坡度是乡村义务教育资源可得性水平的限制条件,社会经济是基础,交通是关键,教育投入是核心。     

长江流域蒸发皿蒸发量的区域变化特征及影响因素

基于长江流域148个气象站1980—2017年的蒸发皿观测数据,将旋转经验正交函数（REOF）和模糊C均值聚类（FCM）相结合,对流域蒸发皿蒸发量（PE）进行分区,然后运用Modified Mann-Kendall检验和多元逐步回归等方法,分析各子区域PE的变化特征并识别其主要影响因子。结果表明：1) REOF的前4个空间模态显示流域PE存在5个主要的异常敏感区,基于这4个空间模态,流域PE在空间上可划分为9个子区域。2）在年尺度上,各区PE呈不同程度的增加趋势,其中中部盆地区上升速率最大（111.28 mm/10 a）,西部高原区上升速率最小（12.5 mm/10 a）;而在季节尺度上,秋、冬季流域PE呈显著上升趋势,春、夏季PE的变化具有明显的区域差异性,部分地区PE为下降趋势。3）影响PE变化的主要因子因地而异,但大多子区域的PE变化与平均气温和饱和水汽压差的变化显著相关。