地震测深资料数据采集与收录系统

本文介绍了ＳＴＭ－ＰＣ微机系列上实现的地震测深资料现场收录系统，其中包括对模拟磁带地震记录进行Ａ／Ｄ转换、数据采集等。在研究中，对时标信号的采集方式、六响报时信号处理、模拟回放电路的改进与采集速率等方面进行了试验，为高质量地进行Ａ／Ｄ转换取得了经验。本文是以海城震区的实际资料为基础，对Ａ／Ｄ转换的精度与效果进行了统计与分析，结果表明，该收录系统对模拟地震记录的Ａ／Ｄ转换精度达到了规范要求。该收录系统与一般微机系列兼容，适用于我国目前使用的几种模拟磁带地震记录仪。     

一种改进的电法勘探技术在探测隐伏溶洞的应用

贵州岩溶地貌分布广泛,地质情况非常复杂,严重影响重大工程建设和地下水安全,文章提出一种改进的电法勘探技术,对不良地质体勘查取得了成功应用。以直流电法理论为基础,该方法是根据视电阻率微分统计原理,由电流密度分布规律与供电电极AB两极分布总存在着一定的对应关系,在野外同一供电测线(剖面)上,通过不断加密改变供电极距AB的位置,观测测量电极MN之间的电性参数变化,求取剖面相应纵向空间上,较大深度的(近地表的)近似连续视电阻率地电断面异常。此方法在深300 m以浅的岩溶区隐患排查中取得较好勘查效果,对煤矿钻孔及页岩气钻孔的选址探测误差能够控制在7%以内,值得进一步探索实践。     

电磁辐射"EMOLS"仪观测结果原理及震例

“九五”期间研制的“EMAOS”电磁辐射仪,其接收原理是按大地电磁测深的原理改进而研制的。选择接收频段为0．01～10Hz,该频段探测深度在0～20km,是浅源地震发生的层位。记录的电磁扰动是在应力场作用下,动电效应产生的电磁场。电场和磁场同时记录增强了信息可信度的判断能力,记录震例表明,异常规律与已有模拟结果基本相同。因此,已总结的模拟记录预报指标等可在数字记录结果中使用。     

地下磁共振响应特征与超前探测

地下（矿井和隧道内）超前探测灾害水源是磁共振测深（Magnetic Resonance Sounding,MRS）方法应用的新领域,在地球物理方法中是一个难题.本文在地面磁共振探测理论的基础上,建立地下全空间模型,推导直立线圈的磁共振响应信号表达式,对比国际标准模型验证了数值计算的准确性.引入旋转系数矩阵,计算任意地磁场方向和线圈方向的激发场垂直分量.研究了磁共振响应信号与线圈法向偏角和倾角的关系,指出当线圈法向方向垂直于地磁场方向时,磁共振响应信号最大.同时,研究表明磁共振超前探测距离与激发脉冲矩和接收灵敏度紧密相关,激发脉冲矩越大,接收灵敏度越高,则超前探测距离越大,但存在极限距离.在地下线圈尺寸受限的情况下,为使检测信号灵敏度为5 nV时,超前探测距离达到30 m,提出了边长2 m线圈的匝数优化方案,共圈模式最少需要100匝,分离线圈模式最少需要10匝发射线圈和160匝接收线圈.仿真模型试验结果证明,随着噪声水平增大,磁共振超前探测距离和反演分辨率均减小.泽雅隧道探测实践表明,本文提出的地下空间磁共振理论在矿井和隧道环境中进行超前探测是可行的.     

利用分段时频峰值滤波法抑制磁共振全波信号随机噪声

磁共振信号极其微弱,容易受到周围环境中各种电磁噪声干扰.其中随机噪声,由于频带宽、不规则、无规律、与有效信号混叠,难以抑制.近年来,采用数量级为10⁴~10⁵ Hz采样频率收录的全波磁共振信号,以其携带丰富全面的信息量,为数据处理及解释提供了更多的潜能.然而,只要随机噪声的幅度大于信号幅度,拟合得到的信号特征参数准确度就会降低.目前普遍采用的数据叠加方法仅能抑制部分随机噪声,且需要多次采集信号,探测效率低.本文针对全波磁共振信号采样点数多和信号非线性强的特点,提出采用分段时频峰值滤波（STFPF）法消噪,将全波磁共振信号分成若干段,编码为解析信号的瞬时频率,采用短窗长PWVD计算解析信号的时频分布,利用时频分布沿瞬时频率集中的特性,通过提取时频分布的峰值获得信号的无偏估计,达到抑制全波磁共振信号随机噪声的目的.为了验证消噪效果,与传统叠加法进行对比分析,仿真结果表明,对于单次采集信号,信噪比低至-5 dB时,STFPF方法依然能有效抑制信号中的随机噪声,消除随机噪声后信噪比提高23.19 dB,信号的初始振幅拟合误差为3.03%,平均横向弛豫时间拟合误差为2.7%,消噪效果优于传统叠加法,且由于无需多次采集磁共振信号,可有效提高探测效率.模型数据的反演解释进一步验证了STFPF方法的有效性,本文研究结果为实际数据处理奠定了良好的基础.     

The Interface Configuration of the Fresh‐/Dead Sea Water – Theory and Measurements

The high‐density Dead Sea water (1.235 g/cm³) forms a special interface configuration with the fresh groundwater resources of its surrounding aquifers. The fresh groundwater column beneath its surroundings is around one tenth of its length compared to oceanic water. This fact alone indicates the vulnerability of the fresh groundwater resources to the impacts of changes in the Dead Sea level and to saltwater migration. Ghyben‐Herzberg and Glover equations were used to calculate the volumes of water in coastal aquifers which were replaced by freshwater due to the interface seaward migration as a result of the drop in the level of the Dead Sea. For that purpose, the dynamic equation of Glover approach has been integrated to accommodate that type of interface readjustment. The calculated amounts of freshwater which substituted salt Dead Sea water due to the migration of interface are 3.21 · 10¹¹ m³, from a Dead Sea level of –392 m to τ411 m below sea level. The average porosity of coastal aquifers was calculated to range from 2.8 to 2.94%. Geoelectric sounding measurements showed that areas underlying the coastal aquifers formerly occupied by the Dead Sea water are gradually becoming flushed and occupied by freshwater. The latter is becoming salinized due to the residuals of Dead Sea water in the aquifer matrix, the present salinity of which is lower than that of the Dead Sea water. At the same time salt dissolution from the Lisan Marl formation is causing collapses along the shorelines in the form of sinkholes, tens of meters in diameter and depth.     

Sounding-derived indices for neural network based short-term thunderstorm and rainfall forecasts

A neural network-based scheme to do a multivariate analysis for forecasting the occurrence and intensity of a meteo event is presented. Many sounding-derived indices are combined together to build a short-term forecast of thunderstorm and rainfall events, in the plain of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (hereafter FVG, NE Italy).For thunderstorm forecasting, sounding, lightning strikes and mesonet station data (rain and wind) from April to November of the years 1995–2002 have been used to train and validate the artificial neural network (hereafter ANN), while the 2003 and 2004 data have been used as an independent test sample. Two kind of ANNs have been developed: the first is a “classification model” ANN and is built for forecasting the thunderstorm occurrence. If this first ANN predicts convective activity, then a second ANN, built as a “regression model”, is used for forecasting the thunderstorm intensity, as defined in a previous article.The classification performances are evaluated with the ROC diagram and some indices derived from the Table of Contingency (like KSS, FAR, Odds Ratio). The regression performances are evaluated using the Mean Square Error and the linear cross correlation coefficient R.A similar approach is applied to the problem of 6 h rainfall forecast in the Friuli Venezia Giulia plain, but in this second case the data cover the period from 1992 to 2004. Also the forecasts of binary events (defined as the occurrence of 5, 20 or 40 mm of maximum rain), made by classification and regression ANN, were compared. Particular emphasis is given to the sounding-derived indices which are chosen in the first places by the predictor forward selection algorithm.     

探空系统的雷电防护技术探讨

在对测风雷达架设的位置、操作和控制系统、低电压工作特性、以及工作用途分析的基础上,提出了雷达站雷电和静电防护的技术路线,从直击雷、感应雷等方面提出了防护方法。     

The underground application of Magnetic Resonance Soundings

The potential application of MRS technology in locating waterbearing fractures in underground mines is studied. The determination of the presence of water ahead of mining is important to prevent accidents and to ensure higher efficiency in mining operations. In the usual surface based measurements, with horizontal loop and water layer, the geometry of the problem can be summarized by the value of the inclination of the Earth magnetic field. For MRS measurements under the geometric conditions associated with underground mining, where the loop is non-horizontal, the geometry can be described in an effective inclination that can be expressed in terms of the Earth magnetic inclination and declination, together with two further parameters that characterize the orientation of the mine wall. We examine the consequences of the different geometries on the MRS signal. Since the loop size is severely restricted in underground conditions, the feasible target depth is also severely limited. The consequences of the fractured hard rock aquifer conditions, typical of deep mining or tunneling environments, are also examined. The overall conclusion is that in underground MRS applications the signal strength is too small to enable the practical identification of fractures containing large volumes of water ahead of the mining face.