覆岩离层形成的力学判据研究

采区上覆岩层离层注浆是控制开采沉陷的重要技术,离层的形成和位置判别对正确实施离层注浆具有重要意义。分析认为,可注浆离层的产生需满足3个条件：弱面剪切破坏、岩层完整性和岩层组的岩性差异性条件。利用这3个条件和莫尔-库仑破坏准则,建立了完整的采区上覆岩层离层形成的力学判据。结合采区上方应力计算的解析解或数值方法可以准确地、方便地确定离层是否产生及产生位置。     

苏鲁地体南缘超高压变质带朐山二云花岗片麻岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

二云花岗片麻岩是组成苏鲁地体南缘超高压变质带朐山杂岩体的重要岩石类型,虽然经历了超高压变质作用,但仍保留了花岗岩的岩石学特征。常量元素和微量元素分析结果表明该片麻岩具有高w(K₂O)、低w(CaO)、高w(TFeO)/w(MgO)比值、铝饱和指数偏高的A型花岗岩的特征,岩石类型为高钾碱性过铝质A型花岗岩。稀土元素中轻稀土富集、分馏程度高、Eu强烈亏损,微量元素中Ba、P、Ti、Sc具有明显的负异常,w(Sr)/ w(Y)、w(La)/ w(Yb)和w(Rb)/ w(Sr)、w(Rb)/ w(Ba)较高,尤其是w(TiO₂)＜0.2％和w(Y)/ w(Nb)＞1.2的特征,以及在w(Rb)-w(Yb+Ta）和w(Rb)-w(Y+Nb）判别图解上样品投点位于板内环境区等,表明该片麻岩的原岩形成于板内与裂谷有关的非造山环境。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年结果揭示其侵位时代为新元古代中晚期((722±32）Ma）,与杂岩体中早期侵位的二长花岗片麻岩及杂岩体上覆地层中的变质火山岩同为Rodinia大陆裂解、扬子地块陆内裂谷形成过程中伴随的岩浆活动的产物。     

Widespread relics of high-pressure metamorphism confirm major terrane accretion in Ecuador: a new example from the Northern Andes

Metamorphic rocks from two sections through the North Andean Cordillera Real in Ecuador contain phengites as relics of high-pressure (HP) metamorphism. Their maximum Si contents per formula unit are (1) 3.25 in Al-rich metapelites, (2) 3.35 in ordinary metapelites and garnet-rich metabasites, and (3) 3.45 in garnet-bearing orthogneisses. Detailed pressure–temperature paths were derived by calculating P–T pseudosections. Garnet-bearing metapelite and metabasite yielded a P–T path starting at 1.4 GPa and 525°C. Peak temperature conditions were 560°C at <1.4 GPa. The retrograde path passed through 0.7–0.8 GPa at 500°C. An adjacent metagranitoid experienced a similar P–T evolution at slightly lower temperatures of about 30–50°C. This is the first reported occurrence of HP metamorphism in the Cordillera Real; it is widespread and evidently was the result of continental collision. We hypothesize that a single microcontinent collided with the South American continental margin in Early Cretaceous time. In contrast to our findings, previous models have simply suggested the amalgamation of several terranes in the late Mesozoic or earlier in the region of Ecuador. Therefore, we propose that a widespread search for HP relics should be undertaken. Such relics provide a general criterion for defining subducted terranes and their respective boundaries.     

Palaeoproterozoic A-type magmatism in northern Wuyishan terrane,Southeast China: petrogenesis and tectonic implications

ABSTRACT

In this article we present zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemistry of the Longzhu rhyolite porphyry from the Cathaysia Block, Southeast China to constrain its petrogenesis and provide insights into the early Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Cathaysia Block. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of a representative sample yields a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb age of 1819 ± 16 Ma, interpreted as the crystallization age of the Longzhu rhyolite porphyry. Zircons from this sample have ε_Hf(t) values ranging from – 8.4 to – 2.2 and T^Hf_DM2 model ages from 2.76 to 2.46 Ga. The whole-rock Nd isotopic data from the Longzhu rhyolite porphyries yield ε_Nd(t) values spanning – 6.3 to – 4.7 and T^Nd_DM2 model ages from 2.81 to 2.69 Ga. The rhyolite porphyries have geochemical features similar to those of the typical A-type granites (rhyolites), with high SiO₂, total alkali contents and FeO^t/MgO ratios, and low CaO and MgO contents. Additionally, the rhyolite porphyries have high total rare earth element concentrations (627 ~ 760 ppm), high (La/Yb)_N values (14.5 ~ 26.9), strongly negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.28 ~ 0.41), and display enrichments of Rb, Ga, Th, and U and depletions of Sr, Nb, Ta, Eu, and Ti. The geochemical and Nd-Hf isotopic features suggest that the Palaeoproterozoic Longzhu rhyolite porphyries were generated by partial melting of source rocks similar to those of the Badu Complex in an intra-plate extensional setting. The results from this study, when combined with existing geochronological data, further demonstrate that the Palaeoproterozoic rocks of Wuyishan terrane probably represent a remnant of the Columbia supercontinent.     

拉萨地块东南缘晚白垩世高温变质作用及其地质意义:来自石英出溶金红石的证据和锆石U-Pb定年

文中对拉萨地块东南缘林芝杂岩中的含榴斜长角闪岩进行了详细的岩相学研究和锆石U-Pb定年。岩相学观察表明,含榴斜长角闪岩经历了峰期麻粒岩相变质和角闪岩相退变质作用。峰期麻粒岩相矿物组合为石榴子石+高Ti角闪石+紫苏辉石+斜长石+石英+金红石,其中的石榴子石、石英和角闪石中含有大量金红石出溶体,说明这些矿物的初始成分具有高Ti含量。角闪岩相退变质矿物组合为低Ti角闪石+斜长石+斜黝帘石+石英+金红石。利用Ti在石英中的含量(TitaniQ)温度计计算得到峰期麻粒岩相变质温度为803～924℃,后期角闪岩相退变质温度为555～732℃。样品中的锆石具有明显的核边结构,核部为典型岩浆型锆石,具有高的Th/U值,强烈富集HREE,明显的正Ce异常和负Eu异常,206Pb/238U年龄为(89.3±0.6)Ma,代表含榴斜长角闪岩原岩结晶年龄。锆石边部呈无环带结构,同核部相比,具有低的Th/U值,低的M-HREE和弱的Eu负异常,为变质峰期生长的锆石,206Pb/238U年龄为(81.1±0.8)Ma,代表麻粒岩相峰期变质年龄。我们认为约81Ma高温麻粒岩相变质作用可能与洋中脊俯冲造成的板片窗导致的软流圈上涌有关。     

仲巴地体的板块亲缘性:来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素的证据

仲巴地体位于青藏高原西南部,其南北两侧均为雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩或蛇绿混杂岩。仲巴地体主要由一套断续出露的前寒武系构造基底、古生代和三叠系地层组成,岩性主要包括石英砂岩、含白云母石英岩、泥质石英粉砂岩,白云母方解石片岩和大理岩等。岩相学揭示这套地层总体上为滨浅海-陆棚-外陆棚环境。碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素分析表明,锆石年龄出现特征年龄峰值530Ma和950Ma,与西羌塘、特提斯喜马拉雅以及高喜马拉雅地体非常类似,并且950Ma左右的碎屑锆石群具有与上述地体上报道的同期碎屑锆石群相似的εHf(t)值和地壳模式年龄。这种碎屑锆石年龄和Hf同位素组成特征明显区别于拉萨地体,后者以出现约1170Ma的特殊年龄群为特征。基于碎屑锆石特征和沉积学研究,本文认为仲巴地体属于西羌塘-大印度-特提斯喜马拉雅构造体系,与拉萨地体具有不同的板块构造亲缘性。     

拉萨地体东南部林芝杂岩形成与变质演化的锆石U-Pb年代学限定

本文对拉萨地体东南部林芝地区分布的变质岩进行了岩相学和锆石年代学研究。结果表明,林芝杂岩中的变质沉积岩主要由片麻岩和片岩组成,它们经历了中压角闪岩相变质作用。变质岩中的锆石多由继承的碎屑岩浆核和新生的变质边组成。继承锆石核给出了新太古代至晚古生代的年龄范围,其主要年龄峰值在～1560Ma、～1190Ma、～620Ma和～340Ma,而锆石变质边给出了53Ma和27Ma的变质年龄。这一结果表明,林芝杂岩中的变质沉积岩很可能形成在古生代,其物质源区具有Grenville和Pan-Africa期造山作用的构造热事件记录。这一研究和已有的成果进一步证明,拉萨地体起源于Gondwana大陆北缘,在新生代印度与欧亚大陆的碰撞/俯冲过程中,拉萨地体作为俯冲带的上盘经历了多期变质作用改造。本研究为拉萨地体起源与多期构造演化提供了重要信息。     

胶北~2.5Ga岩浆热事件的锆石Hf同位素特征及其对地壳演化的指示意义

位于华北克拉通东缘的胶北地体,被普遍认为是胶-辽-吉带的西南组成部分,经历了多期岩浆-变质热事件,而晚太古宙末期约2.5Ga的岩浆事件是该区最强的岩浆事件;为了确定该期岩浆热事件的性质,本文选取2件形成于约2.5Ga的英云闪长质片麻岩及花岗质片麻岩开展锆石Hf同位素测试分析;总计69个锆石Hf同位素分析点的结果显示,它们均具有正的εHf(t)值,在10.71到3.0之间,平均为6.02,两阶段锆石Hf模式年龄主要分布于2.6～2.9Ga之间,平均为2747Ma,明显大于锆石的207Pb/206Pb年龄,表明约2.5Ga的TTG及花岗质片麻岩主要源于2.6～2.9Ga新生地壳的重熔或再造;另外,一些锆石具有极正的εHf(t)值,它们的锆石Hf模式年龄与U-Pb年龄相近,这暗示在约2.5Ga有亏损地幔物质加入地壳,并发生了即时重熔;根据本次研究获得的锆石Hf同位素数据,结合前人的Nd同位素结果,我们认为胶北地体内约2.5Ga的岩浆活动可能主要表现为与地幔岩浆低侵作用有关的新生地壳的重熔或再造,约2.9Ga和2.7～2.8Ga是胶北地体地壳生长的两个时期,并且与华北克拉通大部分地区一样,2.7～2.8Ga是胶北地体新生地壳形成最重要的时期。     

Paleomagnetism of the Fort Knox Stock, Alaska, and rotation of the Yukon–Tanana terrane after 92.5 Ma

The 92.5 Ma Fort Knox granodiorite stock, near the western end of the Fairbanks Belt in the Yukon–Tanana terrane (YTT) of central Alaska, hosts a world-class gold mine. The stock has been analysed paleomagnetically using thermal and alternating-field step demagnetization and isothermal remanence methods. This pluton retains a primary thermoremanent magnetization at 18 sites (232 specimens) that resides mainly in single-to pseudosingle-domain magnetite with a direction of D = 228.8°, I = 84.3° (N = 18, k = 130, α₉₅ = 3.0°), giving a paleopole at 56.5°N, 197.1°E (dp = 5.9°, dm = 5.8°). The pluton's host rock, the Fairbanks schist, does not retain a stable coherent remanence. Relative to the North American craton, the stock's paleoinclination indicates that the Fairbanks Belt has undergone nonsignificant poleward (northwesterly) translation of 25 ± 750 km only. Analysed in concert with the few available paleoinclinations available for the YTT in Yukon, the paleoinclination suggests further that the YTT has undergone only  250 to 450 km of dextral displacement along the Tintina fault in the past  100 Ma and, therefore, is parautocthonous since the mid-Cretaceous. The stock's paleodeclination records 121 ± 35° of counterclockwise rotation relative to the North American craton. Consideration of models published for Alaska's tectonic evolution suggests that this paleodeclination discordance is caused by rotations associated with the opening of the Canada Basin, with dextral displacement on the Tintina fault, and with development of the western Alaskan orocline. Thus the paleomagnetic results for the Fort Knox stock support a thin-skin tectonic model for the accretion of the YTT and Intermontane Belt terranes to the northern Cordillera.     

青藏高原主要地体地壳短缩作用研究现状及存在的问题

在对喜马拉雅、拉萨和羌塘3个地体已有的有关地壳短缩研究成果系统分析的基础上,对3个地体进行了平衡剖面恢复:北羌塘侏罗系短缩率为25.18%.南羌塘短缩率为33.57%;对拉萨地体南段(措勤盆地南部坳褶带)上白垩统恢复得出其短缩率为20.68%北段中部坳褶带到班公湖一怒江缝合带南缘短缩率为25.3%;地处特提斯喜马拉雅地体东段的郎杰学地体三叠系短缩率达75%.大于前人研究的特提斯喜马拉雅56%~6O%的短缩率.通过对比,对3个地体短缩变形的规律进行了分析,认为各地体内部短缩作用并不是一个连续均匀的过程,陆内变形主要是通过稳定地体边界和大型逆冲构造带来吸收的;拉萨地体和羌塘地体新生代内部变形较小.