Altimeter Signal-to-Noise for Deep Ocean Processes in Operational Systems

The ocean signal for this study is the sea surface height due to the slowly varying (greater than 5-day) ocean processes, which are predominantly the deep ocean mesoscale. These processes are the focus of present assimilation systems for monitoring and predicting ocean circulation due to ocean fronts and eddies and the associated environmental changes that impact real time activities in areas with depths greater than about 200 m. By this definition, signal-to-noise may be estimated directly from altimeter data sets through a crossover point analysis. The RMS variability in crossover differences is due to instrument noise, errors in environmental corrections to the satellite observation, and short time period oceanic variations. The signal-to-noise ratio indicates that shallow areas are typically not well observed due to the high frequency fluctuations. Many deep ocean areas also contain significant high frequency variability such as the subpolar latitudes, which have large atmospheric pressure systems moving through, and these in turn generate large errors in the inverse barometer correction. Understanding the spatial variations of signal to noise is a necessary prerequisite for correct assimilation of the data into operational systems.     

大地电磁测深法在慈页1井定位中的应用

在灰岩发育地区进行钻探作业时经常会遇到溶洞,给钻探带来不小的风险.为了减小钻探风险,可以采用探测深度大、对溶洞识别能力强的大地电磁测深法进行溶洞探测,确定钻孔的有利位置.本文以慈页1井的钻孔定位研究为例,通过在井场开展大地电磁测深工作,查明井场下方可能有溶洞发育的区域,最终确定了孔位的有利位置,在实际钻进过程中并未遇到溶洞发育段,说明通过大地电磁测深法布置的孔位合理,保证了钻探的安全施工.     

岩溶水库渗透破坏型渗漏勘察与评价

以重庆市南川区肖家沟水库蓄水多年之后库首右岸发生的岩溶渗漏为例,探讨了岩溶水库长期运行过程中防渗体系因高压渗透破坏产生的岩溶渗漏的勘察与评价方法。通过地质分析、渗漏历史调查、钻孔、水文地质测试、物探及连通试验等方法,查明了水库右岸岩溶渗漏的范围及原因。水库渗漏边界清晰,渗漏范围主要是右岸可溶岩区的630 m高程以上,防渗体渗透破坏是水库产生渗漏主要原因。其渗漏途径一是沿原封堵堵头的薄弱区域或溶洞封堵体周边发生渗透破坏产生新的通道向下游溶洞出口集中的渗出,二是穿过右岸防渗线绕过右岸坝肩后沿岩体溶蚀裂隙或管道汇入下游右岸岸坡溶洞集中的渗出地表。通过此工程实例,提出了岩溶水库防渗体渗透破坏型渗漏的勘察与评价方法,宜以历史资料分析为基础,初判渗漏成因及范围,采用勘探、试验及物探等多种手段进行验证,为防渗处理提供可靠依据。     

乐业-凤山世界地质公园岩溶地貌景观特征与价值分析

乐业-凤山世界地质公园发育在“孤岛”状的碳酸盐岩区上,以高峰丛深洼地、大洞穴、大峡谷、天坑群、天窗群、天生桥、地下河为特色,景观类型丰富、系统完整、珍稀典型,观赏价值与科研价值极高。公园内不同地貌景观由于成因差异而各具特色,经定性与定量评价:天坑群、天窗群是世界级品牌景观,为公园五级地貌景观;天生桥、峡谷是公园重要景观,为公园四级地貌景观;峰丛洼地、峰丛谷地、坡立谷、洞穴景观是公园地貌景观的重要组成部分,为公园三级地貌景观;穿洞、岩溶泉、地下河景观是公园地貌景观的重要补充,为二级地貌景观;落水洞、竖井是公园点缀地貌景观,为公园一级地貌景观。      

安徽滁县琅琊山一带燕山期岩浆岩成因及区域找矿方向

滁县琅琊山铜矿床是长江中下游成矿带北东段滁县-庐江铜金成矿带的一部分,为安徽东部目前发现规模最大的铜及伴生金矿床.与成矿关系密切的滁县岩体,长期以来前人鲜有系统的地球化学研究,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,系统采集了一套滁县岩体样品,发现其地球化学特征与典型的埃达克岩基本一致:具有SiO2＞56％,Al2O3≥15％,富Sr、Ba和Cr、Ni,具有高的Sr/Y和(La/Yb)N值,但Y和Yb含量低,无明显Eu异常,另外岩石具有较高的MgO、Mg#及Sr/La值,显示海水蚀变MORB相似的地球化学特征.分析认为,该区燕山期岩浆岩为洋壳俯冲产物,属比较典型的和成矿有关的埃达克岩,伴随着该期侵入岩的上侵,富含Cu、Au的成矿物质随着温度、压力或者氧逸度的降低,在合适的部位富集成矿.对比分析了上腰铺岩体的地球化学特征,认为它和滁县岩体特征基本一致,应该有着相似的成岩成矿背景.同时在滁县岩体西南段发现一条含微细粒黄铁矿碎裂状白云岩质硅化带,在上腰铺岩体周边发现一条多金属矿化硅质脉,并对琅琊山含铜矿化矽卡岩及上述白云岩质硅化带和多金属矿化硅质脉进行了地质分析和痕量元素测试,认为它们与燕山期侵入岩有着密切的关系,上腰铺岩体周边可以作为下步铜及伴生金矿床勘查的新的远景地区,同时指出该区找矿不能只盯着矽卡岩型铜金矿而忽视多金属矿化硅质脉新类型矿的寻找.     

广西“回南天”发生特征及预报着眼点

利用常规MICAPS数据资料,对广西“回南天”发生特征及预报着眼点进行分析研究。结果表明：(1) “回南天”发生在春季低温阴雨后期迅速回暖的转变过程中;(2) 有利“回南天”发生的环流形势共同特征为: 500 hPa我国北支西风气流转为纬向环流,南支槽加深并向东移动,850 hPa有西南急流,地面冷空气减弱,华南静止锋减弱北抬;(3) T lnp探空曲线中,锋区逆温层上限持续下降到850 hPa以下,次日落地消失;(4) 室外空气露点温度高于室内物体表面温度,暖湿空气中的水汽入室遇冷后,在物体表面发生相变凝结;(5) 根据前一天最低气温、当天露点温度及升幅,将“回南天”划分为重度、中度和轻度3个等级;(6)“回南天”有冷性结束和暖性结束两种方式。所得成果可应用到预报业务中。     

黑龙江穆棱地区宝石级锆石成因探讨

利用基本的宝石学方法、紫外可见光分光光度计、红外光谱仪、激光拉曼探针和激光剥蚀等离子质谱技术(LA-ICP-MS)分析了黑龙江穆棱玄武岩风化冲积物中宝石级锆石的宝石学性质、谱学特征、包裹体特征、微量元素组成及U-Pb年龄。宝石学性质表明锆石为优质的、可直接加工利用的宝石原料;谱学特征显示锆石为未经历后期改造的高型岩浆锆石,且含有磷灰石、锆石和赤铁矿包裹体;LA-ICP-MS分析表明锆石具有明显的Ce正异常,富集重稀土元素[(Yb/Sm)N=21～63)]和HFSE元素,Th/U均大于1(1个数据例外);ΣREE较高,含量在1765×10-6～2374×10-6,与基性锆石相似;明显的Ce异常和赤铁矿包裹体说明锆石形成于氧化环境;根据Ti-in-Zircon地质温度计计算,锆石结晶的最低温度为646～737℃;U-Pb年龄为9.39±0.4Ma代表锆石的结晶年龄。基于本实验数据和前人研究成果,认为锆石巨晶形成于富集CO2的氧化环境并且与地幔的交代作用有关,是岩石圈减薄作用发展到一定阶段(衰退期)的产物。     

路南石林喀斯特的形态特征及地质演化

石林喀期特是喀斯特地貌中的一种极端形式，主要由表面溶良发育，高达３０￣５０ｍ的剑状石峰、石柱组成。同世界其他一些著名的剑状喀期特相比，路南石林喀斯特具有最为复杂的地质演化历史和最为多样的形态。研究表明：自２亿５千万年前早二叠世末期首次出现石牙以来，石林的发育经历了四大演化阶段；石林的形成是有利的地质、水文、气候条件综合作用的结果，而土下溶蚀是主要形成机理。剑状、峰状、塔状、蘑茹状及其他不规则状为石     

analyses on the triggering facrors of large quantities of landslides in the upper reaches of the minjiang river,sichuan province

Over the past geological and historical period, tens of thousands of landslides occurred in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, an area which is characterized by alpine valleys and has been densely populated over the past several hundreds of years. Discussing the triggering factor of these landslides is of great significance to geological hazard mitigation and prevention in this region. In this paper, we focus on four aspects of regional rainfall, shape features of landslide slopes, the corresponding relationship between landslide area and earthquake magnitude, and the recurring features of the reconstructed palaeoearthquake record at Diexi. Compared with those in Nepal, both mean seasonal rainfall accumulation and mean daily rainfall for the past 30 years are too low to reach the threshold values triggering landslides in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Secondly, landslides in the study area are usually absent of inner gorges(canyon topography)on the hillslope toes, which are confirmed in previous studies as typical features of landslides triggered by storms. Thirdly, wide distribution of the landslides in the study area supports our notion of earthquake-triggering because the landslides triggered by storms commonly distribute locally. Fourthly, periodicity analysis of the reconstructed palaeoearthquake record at Diexi provides a few cycles of twenty to thirty years, possibly corresponding to the earthquakes of magnitudes>5.0 or 5.5 which are believed to have caused soft-sediment deformation in the study area. In contrast, like the 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, the average recurrence interval of the large earthquakes in the study area is 2.6ka. They caused tens of thousands of landslides and provided more coarse silt particles for the nearby lake sediments at least in 330 years for each time. This is consistent with exponential increase of earthquake magnitude from large to medium and of the landslide area with the increased earthquake magnitude. To sum up, we suggest that tens of thousands of landslides in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River were most likely triggered by earthquakes instead of storms. This preliminary viewpoint needs further examination in the future.     

石漠化斑块动态行为特征与分类评价

对石漠化土地的特征进行全面深入的探讨,有助于石漠化土地分类治理和生态恢复重建。本文以SPOT5影像(分辨率2.5m)和航片(空间分辨率1m)为基本数据源,辅以实地踏勘和农户访问,通过跟踪每个石漠化斑块在2个时段的演变关系,研究了贵州清镇簸箩村1973-2005年石漠化斑块的新增(延展、新生)、消融和未变等动态变化特征。结果发现轻度石漠化土地斑块与其他石漠化类型在空间上存在着强烈的转换,相互之间的频繁转换使斑块具有不稳定性而处于一种波动状态。从各类石漠化斑块的来源看,存在一些斑块由无石漠化直接到极强度石漠化斑块之间的转换。根据石漠化斑块的动态演替行为认为,可将研究区2005年的石漠化分为未变石漠化、新生石漠化、延展石漠化,并据此提出石漠化强度指数和石漠化的治理对策。