柴达木盆地中深层混积岩储层形成机制

通过岩心观测、普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、电子探针和岩石物性等分析,系统阐述了柴达木盆地典型中深层(西北区南翼山构造E₃²-N₁)混积岩的岩石学、储集空间/物性和成岩作用等特征,在此基础上讨论了储层形成机制。结果表明,混积岩以(泥质)泥晶灰岩、钙质含量较高的砂岩和粉砂岩及其混积岩为主;储集空间以溶蚀改造的裂缝和粒间溶蚀孔隙为特征,物性总体表现为低孔-特低孔、超低渗-非渗透;有利于形成储层的成岩作用是溶蚀和构造裂缝作用;储层形成机制可归纳为"岩性是基础,裂缝是条件,溶蚀是关键"。这可为区域中深层混积岩储层,乃至陆相湖泊混合沉积储层的研究与油气勘探开发提供借鉴与参考。     

中国PGE矿床类型分析

中国PGE（铂族元素）矿床类型分析,PGE（铂族元素）矿床包括Pt,Pd,Rh,Ru,Os,Ir6种元素,它们有着很强的亲“S”性和亲“Fe”族元素性,同时和Mo,Te,As,Sb,Bi等元素也有亲缘关系。这些相关元素在不同介质中,组成不同的元素组合,叫做元素“序列”,共有7个序列,它们对PGE形成有选择性的萃取和捕获能力,叫“萃捕剂”,再加上PGE自身的地球化学差异性,就可能形成多种不同的PGE矿床类型。列举了6个矿床实例,提出了成矿五要素,分析了中国PGE矿床前景,认为成矿和地幔岩初始岩浆密切相关。     

含铜、铋和银的金精矿堆浸工艺综合回收试验研究

采用生物氧化技术和化学方法,利用堆浸工艺分步提取,对含Au 140~150 g/t、Ag 900~1 000 g/t、B i 9.0%~10.0%、Cu14%~17%的多金属浮选金精矿的综合回收工艺进行了研究。经小型搅拌试验,确定了生物氧化浸铜—氰化浸金、NaC l-FeC l3-HC l体系(氯盐法)浸出铋和银的技术方法。通过柱浸试验,研究了利用该方法分步浸取Au、Ag、Cu和B i在堆浸工艺中的可行性。在10 t精矿的扩大试验验中,验证了柱浸试验所取得的工艺指标和参数。试验中掺入骨架材料,解决了精矿在堆浸中的渗透问题;生物氧化过程中,菌种在含高浓度铜离子浸出液中反复驯化,对铜的耐受力提高到30 g/L;在NaC l-FeC l3-HC l体系浸出B i和Ag时,用H2O2将浸出液中的Fe2+氧化成Fe3+,使浸出液能循环使用,且B i和Ag同时浸出。Au、Ag、Cu和B i的最终浸出率分别为92.98%、65.09%、45.33%和53.49%。     

猫岭-王家崴子金矿采矿废料的酸化潜力研究

为控制金矿开采废岩和选冶废料的酸化 ,利用净产酸量、净产酸势实验和柱淋溶实验 ,研究了猫岭 王家崴子金矿区采矿废石和尾矿的酸化情况。结果表明 ,在废石和尾矿的堆放过程中会发生酸化 ,且废石的产酸量远高于尾矿的产酸量 ,氰化尾矿的产酸量高于浮选尾矿的产酸量。但是 ,12 0天的淋溶实验表明 ,各种采选废物在短期内酸化现象不明显 ,与本区采矿废石和尾矿低的含硫量和系统中的缓冲能力及其外部环境因素有关 ,也反映了废物漫长的酸化过程。本研究结果为金矿开发废碴的环境管理和酸化控制提供了科学依据。     

Acid leaching of ash and coal: Time dependence and trace element occurrences

The leaching of coal and coal/asphaltite/wood-ashes in sulfuric acid (pH 1.0, 25 °C, S/L, 1:10) was studied as a function of time; acid consumption and extracted metal concentrations are presented. Whole coals consumed acid rapidly during the first few minutes, followed by slow acid consumption. Wood-, lignite-, and asphaltite-ashes consumed acid in two stages, the rapid phase extending < 30 min and the slow phase extended up to 10 days. The rapid phase was dominated by the dissolution of Ca, K and Mg ions for wood-ash, by Ca, Al and Mg ions for lignite-ash and Ca and Mg ions for asphaltite-ash. The sulfur concentration in solution and the concentrations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Al and Mn in the aqueous phase verified the neutralizing capacity of the untreated ashes as well as the formation of insoluble sulfates in the residues. The slow phase kinetics differed for different fuels and exhibited leaching of several abundant elements—Fe, Al, K, Na and Mn. Trace elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Th, U, V, Zn) sometimes required up to 32 h for maximal extraction from ashes. Suggestions are presented regarding the chemical nature of trace elements in the untreated coals and ashes and suitable residence times for economical industrial processes. We think it possible to combine bacteriological oxidation of sulfidic concentrates of acid leaching from ash of various qualities or even whole coals.     

松散岩土体在不同浸泡环境中阴离子浸出特征试验研究

三峡库区大型的赵树岭滑坡区滑坡灾害极为发育。三峡工程蓄水后,水位上升导致原先许多非饱水的松散岩土体处于饱水状态,严重破坏了其稳定性。文章针对该滑坡区内广泛分布的松散岩土的基本类型和特点,设计了4种不同的浸泡环境,进行水-松散岩土相互作用的室内控制试验,通过监测阴离子浸出特征来揭示其化学变化规律。试验结果表明:在不同的pH值、不同的搅拌速度、不同的流速、以及同时改变pH值和搅拌速度的试验环境中,水岩化学作用所浸出的阴离子特征各异。研究结果可以为松散岩土-水化学作用机理研究提供资料,也对赵树岭滑坡体的工程治理具有重要指导意义。     

金矿的细菌浸出处理研究

利用细菌对难处理金矿进行浸出处理,具有成本低廉、环境污染小、处理效率高等突出优点,已成为非常有前途的难处理金矿的预处理方法。笔者以河北遵化滑石峪金矿(含金黄铁矿)样品为例,在几种氧化亚铁硫杆菌中发现D3菌种处理此类难浸金矿有显著的增大提金率的效果。在200目粒度条件下,氰化提金率从单纯氰化的63.9%提高到细菌预处理后再氰化的88.2%,而且对100目以下的大粒度金矿,提金率也普遍提高10%以上;此外,还进行了该菌种处理金矿过程的条件实验,如粒度影响、pH值变化和物理方法强化的研究,得出了金矿在细菌氧化过程中的一些规律和在实际操作时的最优化控制条件。     

Using global node-based velocity in random walk particle tracking in variably saturated porous media: application to contaminant leaching from road constructions

Precise and efficient numerical simulation of transport processes in subsurface systems is a prerequisite for many site investigation or remediation studies. Random walk particle tracking (RWPT) methods have been introduced in the past to overcome numerical difficulties when simulating propagation processes in porous media such as advection-dominated mass transport. Crucial for the precision of RWPT methods is the accuracy of the numerically calculated ground water velocity field. In this paper, a global node-based method for velocity calculation is used, which was originally proposed by Yeh (Water Resour Res 7:1216–1225, 1981). This method is improved in three ways: (1) extension to unstructured grids, (2) significant enhancement of computational efficiency, and (3) extension to saturated (groundwater) as well as unsaturated systems (soil water). The novel RWPT method is tested with numerical benchmark examples from the literature and used in two field scale applications of contaminant transport in saturated and unsaturated ground water. To evaluate advective transport of the model, the accuracy of the velocity field is demonstrated by comparing several published results of particle pathlines or streamlines. Given the chosen test problem, the global node-based velocity estimation is found to be as accurate as the CK method (Cordes and Kinzelbach in Water Resour Res 28(11):2903–2911, 1992) but less accurate than the mixed or mixed-hybrid finite element methods for flow in highly heterogeneous media. To evaluate advective–diffusive transport, a transport problem studied by Hassan and Mohamed (J Hydrol 275(3–4):242–260, 2003) is investigated here and evaluated using different numbers of particles. The results indicate that the number of particles required for the given problem is decreased using the proposed method by about two orders of magnitude without losing accuracy of the concentration contours as compared to the published numbers.     

Environmental problems and geological implications derived from evaporite dissolution in the Barbastro salt anticline (NE Spain)

The halite-bearing Barbastro Formation crops out in the core of the Barbastro Anticline (Ebro Tertiary Basin). This anticline is traversed perpendicularly by some of the most important Pyrenean drainages such as the Cinca and Noguera-Ribagorzana Rivers. The terrace sequences of these fluvial systems have been used as markers to identify and assess dissolution-induced subsidence and salt tectonics. In the limbs of the anticline, terrace deposits underlain by detrital bedrock do not show any evidence of deformation and have a consistent thickness of less than 10 m. The deposits of certain terrace levels of the Noguera-Ribagorzana River and its tributary, the Lo Reguer Creek, are locally thickened filling basins generated by dissolution-induced synsedimentary subsidence up to several kilometers long and more than 100 m deep. Conversely, terraces of the Cinca River do not show anomalously high thicknesses, but local uplifts related to differential upward flow of the halite-bearing bedrock. Locally, a minimum uplift rate of 0.3 mm/year has been estimated from a 64-ka terrace tilted away from the valley. The subsidence hazards occur chiefly in areas where the ground receives artificial water recharge. Serviceability of some canals has been notoriously affected by evaporite karstification. The problem has been mitigated to acceptable levels by grouting. Numerous buildings of Ivars de Noguera are severely damaged by dissolution subsidence, and possibly, by hydrocompaction of gypsiferous silts. The pipe network has been replaced to ameliorate the subsidence risk. In the Cinca River valley, cavities with a total volume of about 180,500 m³ have been created by solution mining at depths greater than 500 m. No investigation methods are applied in the brine field to monitor the distribution and evolution of artificial voids. Substantial increase in salinity of the Cinca River is another evidence of subjacent evaporite dissolution.     

鹿井碎裂蚀变花岗岩型铀矿床溶浸评价研究

本文从矿床的地质评价入手，对矿体形态、产状、规模，矿石的物质成分，矿石结构构造，铀的存在形式，矿床水文地质、工程地质等诸多方面进行了矿床溶浸天然地质条件研究；通过对低品位、大块度的铀矿石进行柱浸工艺试验，获得了一系列溶浸工艺参数；归纳分析出高昔、牛尾岭矿床的矿石灰第2类有利溶浸类型；提出常规采治法、原地破碎浸出和堆浸相结合的采治方案。