广西典型近岸海域表层沉积物碎屑矿物分布及其物源意义

基于"我国重点海岸带滨海环境地质调查与评价"项目,分析了广西典型岸段20 m以浅的海域表层沉积物和地貌类型及其分布特征,并在此基础上探讨了碎屑矿物含量和种类的分布、变化以及组合.研究结果表明:研究区水动力较强,作用方式多样,有近30种碎屑矿物,其中主要有石英、长石、钛铁矿、云母、锆石、黄铁矿以及海绿石等,重矿物较为丰富;自全新世早期海侵以来,研究区先后进入了浅海海湾相沉积环境,但碎屑矿物种类与之前基本相似,其含量变化是由于气候和海平面的波动而致;研究区碎屑矿物在以沉积物和地貌类型为单位的各类地质单元中,其含量和种类均有所不同,尤以重矿物的变异性最为突出;各研究区重矿物组合可分为2~3个亚分区,均反映出与沉积环境关系密切.结果表明,研究区碎屑物质主要源于周缘陆区风化剥蚀、海岸侵蚀和河流输入,碎屑物质具有陆源性.     

Sillimanite group minerals: a new promising raw material for the Russian aluminum industry

The raw-material base of the Russian aluminum industry is considered. The raw materials include common (bauxites, nepheline syenites) and uncommon (nepheline ores, synnyrites, anorthosites, power-and-heating plant ashes, kaolines) types of ores. With regard to many criteria (reserves and quality of ores, technology of their processing, etc.), the problem of alumina deficit can be solved by mining sillimanite group minerals Al₂SiO₅ (wt.%: Al₂O₃ = 62.9, SiO₂ = 37.1), namely, andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite. Their proved reserves converted to the final product (aluminum) exceed 400 mln tons. This will be enough for more than a hundred years provided that aluminum is produced in the present-day output (4 mln tons in 2008). Almost all deposits can be explored by strip mining, with application of the gravitation, flotation, and electromagnetic separation methods for ore dressing. The alumina content in concentrates reaches 60–62 wt.%. Only high-grade bauxites and the above concentration methods can ensure such a high yield of Al₂O₃. Sillimanite group minerals can be processed together with nepheline ores by sintering or be used for the direct electrothermal production of silumin and aluminum, excluding the alumina production stage. The latter method is the most promising in Russia.     

Sediments in the estuarine environment of the tigris/euphrates delta; Iraq; Arabian Gulf

Studies on surface water characters of the estuarine environment of Iraq, northwestern Arabian Gulf, define three subdivisions of salinity: oligohaline, polyhaline, and euhaline. Textural analysis reveals that surface sediments covering the bottom are composed of six distinct classes: silty clay, clayey silt, sand-silt-clays, clayey sand, silty sand and sand. Five physiographic subdivisions are identified and described fluvial-estuarine, tidal mud flats (subtidal flat, lower intertidal flat, upper intertidal flat, supratidal flat), sand bars, Abdallah-Shetana channel and submerged estuarine distributary channel and bar systems. The content of organic matter in the sediments ranges from 0.24-3.69 per cent by weight. High values were recorded from the Abdallah-Shetana channel while lower values are confined to sand bars and submerged estuarine distributary channel and bar systems. Carbonates, quartz, feldspar, and halite are the main mineral constituents of the non-clay grade sediments; carbonates are present mainly as low-magnesium calcite followed by dolomite and high-magnesium calcite. Aragonite is present only in trace amounts. Both detrital and biogenic sources are suggested for low-magnesium calcite. A detrital source for dolomite and a biogenic source for high-magnesium calcite and aragonite are proposed.     

First-principles study of (MgH2SiO4)? n (Mg2SiO4) hydrous olivine structures. I. Crystal structure modelling of hydrous olivine Hy-2 a (MgH2SiO4) ? 3(Mg2SiO4)

 Recently, the Hy-2a hydrous olivine (MgH₂ SiO₄)·3(Mg₂SiO₄) occurring as nanometre-sized inclusions in mantle olivines has been found by TEM, and has been suggested to be a new DHMS phase (Khisina et al. 2001). A model of the crystal structure of Hy-2a has been proposed as a 2a-superstructure of olivine with one Me²⁺ -vacant octahedral layer in the (1 0 0) plane per Hy-2a unit cell (Khisina and Wirth 2002). In the present study the crystal structure of Hy-2a hydrous olivine is optimized by ab initio calculations. The aims of this study are: (1) verification of the suggested models of Hy-2a hydrous olivine structure; (2) calculation of the most stable configurations for Hy-2a structure with minimum static lattice energy, by assuming a possible formation of Me²⁺ vacancies in either M1 or M2 octahedral sites; (3) determination of the position of protons and hydrogen bonds in the Hy-2a structure. Several different possible configurations of the Hy-2a structure are optimized. The results support the idea of a stable olivine structure with ordered planar-segregated OH-bearing defects oriented parallel to (1 0 0). The data obtained indicate a preferred stability of the Hy-2a structure with the protons associated with M1 vacancies and bonded with O1 and O2 oxygen sites. The relative energy values of the optimized Hy-2a structure configurations correlate as a rule with the average shifts of atoms from their positions in pure forsterite structure. Received: 7 February 2002 / Accepted: 23 October 2002     

云南禄丰鹅头厂铁铜矿床中稀土矿物的发现及意义

云南禄丰鹅头厂铁铜矿床是滇中地区著名的元古宙含铜富铁矿床之一,矿床中除了铁、铜等资源外,还伴生少量的稀土组分。本文利用国际上矿物与地质行业前沿的矿物自动分析测试方法——矿物表征自动定量分析系统(AMICS),结合扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)显微结构原位分析技术,完成了常规岩矿鉴定手段难以完成的矿物定量识别和鉴定,首次在禄丰鹅头厂铁铜矿床中发现了氟碳钙铈矿、氟碳铈矿、褐钇铌矿等独立的稀土矿物。其中,氟碳钙铈矿主要富集在条纹条带状矿石中,分布极不均匀,局部富集,主要呈微细粒半自形至它形粒状晶体,多为微细粒的不规则粒状集合体,与磁铁矿间隙中的方解石和绿泥石等脉石矿物紧密共生,在氟碳钙铈矿颗粒中普遍含有呈板状或柱状、片状、针状的微细粒氟碳铈矿;褐钇铌矿也主要富集在条纹条带状矿石中,呈细小的不规则粒状,与铁氧化物边缘缝隙中的绿泥石等脉石矿物紧密共生。X射线能谱分析表明,氟碳钙铈矿和氟碳铈矿富含轻稀土元素,以Ce、Nd、La为主,含量一般Ce La Nd,含少量Pr、Y等元素;褐钇铌矿中主要金属元素有Nb、Y、Ce、Nd、Fe、Ti、Mg、Ca、U等,其中Nb的含量较高,稀土元素以Y为主,并含少量Ce、Nd等。稀土矿物的发现,对探讨该矿床及整个滇中地区前寒武纪(中元古代)铁-铜(-稀土)矿床的成因有着一定的指示意义。根据矿床中稀土-铁氧化物的产出特征和区域成矿地质背景,结合前人研究成果,认为鹅头厂矿床中稀土-铁氧化物的形成与Columbia超大陆裂解时的深部(地幔)岩浆活动有关,并受到多期次后期热液事件的叠加改造。     

Clay‐coat diversity in marginal marine sediments

The specific mineralogy of clay grain coats controls the ability of the coat to inhibit quartz cementation in sandstones during prolonged burial and heating. How and why clay‐coat mineralogy varies across marginal marine systems is poorly understood, even though these eogenetic phenomena strongly influence subsequent mesodiagenesis and reservoir quality. The novel development of the ability to predict the distribution of clay‐coat mineralogy would represent an important development for sandstone reservoir quality prediction. In marginal marine sediments, clay minerals occur as grain‐coats, floccules, mud intraclasts, clay‐rich rock fragments or as dispersed material. However, the relationships between clay mineralogy, the amount of clay, and its distribution is poorly understood. This study focused on the Ravenglass Estuary, UK. The key aim was to develop and apply a novel methodology utilising scanning electron microscope – energy dispersive spectrometry, for the first time, on grain coats in modern sediments, to differentiate the clay‐coat mineral signature from that of the bulk sediment, and reveal the distribution of clay minerals across marginal marine sediments. The study showed that marginal marine sediments principally have their clay mineral assemblage present as clay‐coats on sand grains. These clay‐coats have a mixed clay mineralogy and are spatially heterogeneous across the range of marginal‐marine depositional environments. The study further showed that clay‐coat mineralogy is governed initially by the hydrologically‐controlled segregation of the clay minerals within inner estuarine depositional environments, and subsequently by the selective abrasive removal of specific clay mineral types during reworking and transport into the outer estuary and the marine environment. The highest relative abundance of grain‐coating chlorite was in sand‐flat and tidal‐bar depositional environments. The availability of an analogue data set, and an understanding of the controlling processes of clay‐coat mineralogy, offer crucial steps in building a predictive capability for clay‐coat derived elevated reservoir quality in deeply buried sandstones.     

东营凹陷平南地区火山岩中发现含石盐子晶流体包裹体及其对岩浆脱气的启示

本文报道在东营凹陷平南地区滨古斜15井火山岩岩心中发现含石盐子晶流体包裹体.流体包裹体赋存于石英闪长玢岩的石英矿物之中,经显微观察和-185℃低温原位拉曼光谱分析,确定子晶为石盐矿物.显微测温分析结果显示,原生包裹体的均一温度在359~496℃,流体的盐度为43.26%~54.51%.研究样品中5种类型流体包裹体共生,说明流体发生了不混溶作用.岩浆上升过程中温度和压力的降低导致流体发生强烈的不混溶作用,并促进岩浆脱气.由于富CO2流体以岩浆脱气的方式逃离岩浆,而高盐度流体作为脱气之后的残余流体保存在包裹体中,所以包裹体中以高盐度流体(NaCl-H2O体系)为主,而另一端元组分(富CO2流体)较少.含石盐子晶流体包裹体的发现证实平南地区岩浆中存在高盐度流体,研究结果表明该区的岩浆脱气过程与高盐度流体不混溶作用有关.这个发现对进一步了解岩浆脱气机制和中国东部无机成因CO2成藏有重要的启示意义.     

Sub‐Cambrian pedogenesis recorded in weathering profiles of the Arabian‐Nubian Shield

Altered crystalline rocks occur at the peneplain exposed in southern Israel and in other localities across North Africa and Arabia where they underlie an extensive blanket of Cambro–Ordovician sandstones. This study focuses on the petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of top basement rocks of the northern Arabian‐Nubian Shield. The altered rocks are shown to be weathering profiles that can be subdivided into three horizons interpreted as apparently unweathered granite, or saprock, which grades upwards to a saprolite, topped by a thin clayey plasmic zone. The plasmic zone is enriched in iron and aluminium and is depleted in silicon, calcium, magnesium and potassium relative to the underlying saprolite. The chemical index of alteration increases upward, but does not exceed 90 and, therefore, lags behind values observed in strongly leached present‐day tropical soils. Petrographic examinations reveal iron mobility under local fluctuating redox conditions, similar to modern and Proterozoic soils. A variety of birefringence fabrics induced by shrinkage and expansion of clays during wetting and drying cycles and clay illuviation strongly indicate pedogenic processes rather than a post‐depositional alteration. Illite and ordered illite‐smectite phases coexist with smectitic illite‐smectite in the lower part of the saprolite and with kaolinite in the plasmic zone, in line with increasing chemical index of alteration. Observations are in accordance with the current profile being a remnant of a thick weathering profile whose top was truncated by fluvial incision just prior to deposition of the overlying Early Cambrian sequence. A previously documented Devonian thermal event reaching temperatures of at least 200°C overprinted the studied rocks. During burial diagenesis, illitization affected original smectite rather than kaolinite. However, in spite of the elevated temperatures, illitization was incomplete implying restricted potassium addition. The sub‐Cambrian weathering reflects warm and humid conditions in a tropical or sub‐tropical climate, in line with several plate reconstructions placing Israel at low latitudes during Cambrian time.     

云南思茅盆地勐野井组碎屑岩矿物学、地球化学特征及古盐湖沉积环境演化

通过对云南思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿区钻孔岩心的碎屑沉积物进行粘土矿物分析和元素地球化学分析探讨了研究区晚白垩世碎屑岩的物源属性及古盐湖沉积环境演化特征。粘土矿物组合特征及La/Th-Hf、La/Sc-Th/Co、La-Th-Sc图解,Cr/Th、Al2O3/TiO2比值等表明该孔碎屑岩的物源主要为长英质花岗闪长岩。主量元素活动性分析表明化学风化过程中随着粘土矿物的形成首先发生Ca和Na的淋失,K、Mg则在这一过程中呈富集态势,而Fe、Mn主要受物源限制而总体上表现为亏损。结合粘土矿物形成条件,认为研究区古盐湖经历了暖湿—暖干(成盐成钾期)—暖湿(淡化)的古气候转化过程。而粘土矿物组合受高盐极端环境与埋藏成岩作用影响显著,表现为成盐成钾期显著的伊利石化和绿泥石化作用。因此伊利石+绿泥石粘土矿物组合,结合富Mg绿泥石的相对含量,以及相应沉积阶段碎屑岩的MgO异常高值,可有效指示古盐湖成盐成钾的演化阶段。!