THE 3-D VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS IN FUJIAN PROVINCE

It is important to detect the fine velocity structures of the crust and uppermost mantle to understand the regional tectonic evolution, earthquake generation processes, and to conduct earthquake risk assessment. The inversion of uppermost mantle velocity and Moho depth are strongly influenced by crustal velocity heterogeneity. In this study, we collected first arrivals of Pg and Pn and secondary arrivals of Pg wave from the seismograms recorded at Fujian provincial seismic network stations. New 3-D P-wave velocities were inverted by multi-phase joint inversion method in Fujian Province. Our results show that the fault zones in Fujian Province have various velocity patterns. The shallow crust is characterized by high velocity that represents mountains, while the mid-lower crust shows low velocities. The anomalous velocities are correlated closely with tectonic faults in Fujian Province. Velocity anomalies mainly show NE-trending distribution, especially in the mid-lower crust and uppermost mantle, which is consistent with the NE-trending of the regional main fault zones. Meanwhile, a part of velocity patterns show NW trending, which is related to the secondary NW-oriented faults. Such velocity distribution also shows a geological structural pattern of "zoning in east-west direction and blocking in north-south direction" in Fujian area. In the crust, a low velocity zone is found along Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone as mentioned by previous study, however our result shows the low velocity exists at depth of 20~30km in mid-lower crust. Compared with previous study, this low velocity zone is larger and deeper both in range and depth. The crustal thickness of 28~35km from our joint inversion is similar to the results from the receiver functions of previous studies. The thinnest crust(28km)is observed at offshore in the north of Quanzhou; while the thickest crust(35km)is located west of Zhangzhou near the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone. Generally, thinner crustal thickness is found in offshore of Fujian Province, and thicker crustal thickness is in the mainland. However, we also found that crustal thickness becomes thinner along the east side of Yongan-Jinjiang Fault. The values of Pn velocities in the region vary from 7.71 to 8.26km/s. The velocity distribution of the uppermost mantle presents a large inhomogeneity, which is correlated with the distribution of the fault zone. High Pn velocity anomalies are found mainly along the west side of the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone(F₂), and the east side of the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone(F₁), which is strip-shaped throughout the central part of Fujian. Low Pn velocity anomalies are observed along the coast and Taiwan Straits, including the Changle-Zhaoan fault zone, the coastal fault zone, and the Fuzhou Basin. We also found a low Pn velocity anomaly zone, which extends to the coast, in the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone at the junction of the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces. In the west of Taiwan Straits, both high and low Pn velocity anomalies are observed. Our results show that the historical strong earthquakes(larger than magnitude 6.0) are mainly distributed between positive and negative anomaly zones at different depth profiles of the crust, and similar anomalies distribution also exists at the uppermost mantle, suggesting that the occurrence of strong earthquakes in the region is not only related to the anomalous crustal velocity structure, but also affected by the velocity anomaly structure from the uppermost mantle.     

工程活动对寒区的影响及其在寒区分类研究

寒区冻土环境与人类活动联系越来越紧密,人类工程活动已逐渐成为影响冻土及其生态环境的重要因素,是导致冻融灾害的主要因素。本文定性地讨论了人类工程活动对冻土及环境变化的影响,并提出了对冻土工程活动进行分类的思想,并给出一种分类方法。     

非同沉积断裂活动对邻断裂岩层厚度变化的控制作用

以露头尺度构造现象、物探成果图件、模型模拟实验及国内外有关文献资料为依据,探讨了由非同沉积断裂活动导致的、发生在邻断裂场所的岩层厚度变化的现象及规律。其表现特征为:在正断层作用下,上盘岩层发生增厚,下盘岩层出现减薄;在逆断层作用下,出现的情况正好相反;平移或走滑断层则在"滑向端"和"滑离端"分别出现增厚及减薄现象。该认识对石油、工程和找矿部门具有实际指导作用,对构造地质学的理论研究具有深化认识的意义。      

覆盖层厚度对反应谱峰值的影响

在研究多个工程场地钻孔资料的基础上,选取和构造了若干典型场地剖面,利用目前工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了各剖面在不同基底地震动输入的反应谱值及地表加速度峰值,分析了覆盖层厚度对反应谱峰值及峰值周期、地表加速度峰值和放大倍数的影响,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

土钉与复合土钉支护结构数值模拟对比分析

近几年来,复合土钉支护结构广泛应用于深基坑支护中。本文对一工程实例用SnEpFem土钉墙有限元数值分析软件,对土钉和预应力锚杆+土钉、微型桩+土钉、微型桩+预应力锚杆+土钉3种复合土钉支护结构的工作机制进行数值模拟,对比分析4种支护结构的坡面水平位移、坡顶沉降和沉降范围、坑底隆起、张拉区和塑性区范围等特点,发现:(1)与单纯土钉支护相比,复合土钉支护可以有效控制边坡变形,缩小边坡张拉区和塑性区范围,对提高边坡的稳定有利。(2)设置微型桩对坡面水平位移的控制比施加预应力的效果更好。(3)设置微型桩可以有效控制坡顶沉降,而施加预应力对坡顶沉降的影响很小。(4)4种支护结构对坑底隆起的影响趋势是一致的,量值变化很小。经过对比分析,在这一工程地质和水文地质条件下,最可靠的复合土钉支护结构是微型桩+预应力锚杆+土钉支护结构,该支护结构的变形、沉降以及张拉区和塑性区范围都是最小的,是最优的设计结构。     

考虑非饱和粘性土含水量变化的地铁隧道围岩土体稳定性分析

含水量是非饱和土力学性质的重要控制因素,非饱和粘性土是北京地铁苏州街车站隧道的主要围岩土体类型,应用钻孔取样的方法取得隧道周边区域内的土体系统样本,通过三轴试验和含水量测试建立了非饱和粘性土围岩的变形和强度参数与含水量的相关性,进而明确了该工程场地非饱和粘性土的主要参数与含水量的关系,以此为基础确定了工程场地不同区域的土体力学参数,通过有限元数值分析方法研究了施工过程中的围岩土体稳定性与地表沉降量,明确了考虑土体含水量变化条件下的隧道开挖施工过程中的围岩土体稳定性状况。     

贵州荔波县耕地土壤质量地球化学等级划分及其分布特征

为了快速高效地获取高精度的三维模型,本文提出了一种基于倾斜摄影测量的三维建模方法。经过测量数据预处理,利用Context Capture 进行空三计算、密集影像匹配、纹理映射,实现三维模型的构建,并对三维模型的质量进行检查,同时优化模型,最后采用15个检查点进行精度评价。结果表明：模型成果可以满足相关的规范要求,该方法可以满足大面积区域的三维模型高效构建的需求。     

乌蒙山区毕节市耕地土壤养分丰缺评价及其变化趋势

碱浸脱硅处理高硅铝土矿时,会产生大量的含硅碱液,要实现其循环利用,需对含硅碱液进行脱硅。本文分别以初始硅渣、焙烧硅渣、硅渣与石灰混合为脱硅剂,对比考查含硅碱液的脱硅效果,并分析脱硅机理。结果表明,当添加25g/L的初始硅渣时,脱硅率仅为47.96%;将硅渣在600℃焙烧后,脱硅率提升至66.67%。焙烧后的硅渣明显提升了脱硅活性,当混合添加25g/L焙烧硅渣和钙硅比为1的CaO,脱硅率达到93%,主要是硅渣作为异相成核的晶核 ,在脱硅过程中的晶体生长以及CaO的协同脱硅作用,混合添加焙烧渣和CaO的高脱硅能力为氧化铝工业生产提供了再循环脱硅剂,并为含硅碱液的循环利用提供了可能性。     

贵州省镇宁县耕地土壤地球化学背景值研究

贵州西部茅口组石灰岩地层广泛分布,岩溶发育强烈。通过收集资料、野外地质调查、试验和钻探等手段,运用统计学方法,对贵州西部茅口组岩溶发育特征进行了分析与探讨。分析结果表明岩溶发育在平面上和垂向上都具有不均匀性。平面上呈现研究区中部的六盘水区域岩溶发育十分强烈,西部的威宁地区发育相对较弱的规律;垂向上呈现随着茅口组灰岩埋深的增大,岩溶发育程度先增强后减弱的规律。该研究结果对今后贵州西部岩溶区重大工程建设、岩溶灾害的治理及岩溶地质环境的保护具有一定的指导作用和参考价值。     

浅埋隧道冻结法施工地表冻胀融沉规律及冻结壁厚度优化研究

浅埋隧道对地表冻胀、融沉变形有严格要求。针对珠机城际轨道交通项目联络通道冻结壁设计改进问题,基于热?力耦合理论,利用有限差分数值计算方法对冻结法施工全过程进行模拟,通过比较研究不同厚度冻结壁模型引起的地表冻胀、融沉变形及隧道管片变形规律,实现冻结壁厚度的优化设计。研究表明：（1）该数值模型可有效模拟地表冻胀、融沉变形,利用已查明数值误差对计算结果进行折减可得到较为准确的实际变形预测值;（2）不同模型地表冻胀、融沉规律大致相同,但变形量及影响范围随冻结壁厚度减小呈递减趋势,当冻结壁厚度为2.5 m及以下时变形基本满足规程要求;（3）土体冻胀、融沉变形并非简单的互逆过程,融沉变形通常大于冻胀变形,平均超出量达40%,应特别注意;（4）冻结壁厚度越大相应产生的冻胀力越大,通过优化冻结壁厚度可有效控制隧道管片附加应力及变形的产生,保护已建隧道结构安全;（5）综合选定2.5 m为冻结壁改进厚度,成果直接应用于4#联络通道冻结法施工,经现场监测表明该优化方案有效、可行,对类似工程冻结壁厚度设计具有较好的推广应用价值。