联合机载PLMR微波辐射计和MODIS产品反演黑河中游张掖绿洲土壤水分研究

土壤水分是气候、水文学研究中的重要变量,微波遥感是获取区域地表土壤水分的重要手段,而L波段更是微波土壤水分反演的最优波段。依托HiWATER黑河中游绿洲试验区的地面观测及机载PLMR微波辐射计亮温数据,利用微波辐射传输模型L-MEB,并将MODIS地表温度产品(MOD11A1)和叶面积指数产品(MYD15A2)作为模型及反演中的先验辅助信息,借助LM优化算法,通过PLMR双极化多角度的亮温观测,针对土壤水分、植被含水量(VWC)和地表粗糙度这3个主要参数,分别进行土壤水分单参数反演、土壤水分与VWC或粗糙度的双参数反演以及这3个参数的同时反演。通过对不同反演方法的比较可以得出结论,多源辅助数据及PLMR双极化、多角度信息的应用可以显著降低反演的不确定性,提高土壤水分反演精度。证明在合理的模型参数和反演策略下,SMOS的L-MEB模型和产品算法可以达到0.04 cm3/cm3的反演精度,另外无线传感器网络可以在遥感产品真实性检验中起到重要作用。     

城市盾构隧道水平冻结地层加固的数值分析

冻结地层加固法是一种环境影响小、加固效果好的地层加固方法,人工冻结壁的形成是一个复杂的热-力耦合问题。依托实际盾构隧道始发施工中冻结加固工程,采用有限差分软件Flac3D建立数值模型分析了地铁隧道水平冻结施工中温度场随时间的发展和分布特征,同时采用准热-力耦合的方法,分析了冻结施工中地表冻胀隆起变形规律。分析结果表明：冻结壁模拟交圈时间和设计交圈时间基本一致;冻结壁交圈前,地表冻胀隆起位移速率快,冻结壁交圈之后,地表冻胀变形逐渐趋近稳定。计算结论可供设计和施工参考,提供了一种简便的人工冻结加固施工的数值模拟方法。     

密云沙厂小流域土壤侵蚀GIS和RS评价方法研究

从GIS和RS研究的角度对沙厂小流域实测的土壤侵蚀数据进行分析,建立基于3S的土壤侵蚀综合评价指标模型,快速地计算出土壤侵蚀量,并对其侵蚀的动态过程进行监测,为沙厂小流域综合治理的快速决策提供科学的平台和依据.     

基于DOFS的水位变化下土质边坡模型稳定性试验研究

作为实现分布式监测技术(DOFS)的重要手段,光纤感测技术近年来得到了迅速的发展。这一技术在地质灾害和岩土工程监测领域有着巨大的应用潜力。本文基于布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)和布喇格光栅(FBG)两种感测技术,设计了土质边坡稳定性分布式监测室内模型。通过模型试验,重点研究了水位变化作用下土质边坡内部应力分布以及边坡的破坏过程,根据FBG与BOTDA的应变数据,对土质边坡稳定性进行了评价,验证了BOTDA和FBG分布式光纤感测技术应用于土质边坡变形监测的可行性。研究成果对于光纤分布式感测技术的应用研发和在多场作用下的土质边坡稳定性分析具有重要的意义。     

Eroding battlefields: Land degradation in Java reconsidered

Land degradation has been a major political issue in Java for decades. Its causes have generally been framed by narratives focussing on farmers’ unsustainable cultivation practices. This paper causally links land degradation with struggles over natural resources in Central Java. It presents a case study that was part of a research project combining remote sensing and political ecology to explore land use/cover change and its drivers in the catchment of the Segara Anakan lagoon. Historically rooted land conflicts have turned the land into a political battlefield, with soil erosion being the direct outcome of the political struggles. Starting from an analysis of environmental changes using satellite images and historical maps, the research explored a history of violent displacements in the frame of a series of brutal insurgencies and counterinsurgencies in the 1950/60s. In these struggles over national political power, entire villages were erased, and peasants’ land was appropriated by the state. This political history is ‘inscribed’ in today’s landscape. The contested land comprises some of the most erosion-prone sites in the entire catchment of the lagoon. The landscape of erosion is a landscape of conflict and a symbol of historical violence and injustice. In line with our research in other parts of the catchment, the case study presented here challenges dominant political discourses about the nature of upland degradation in Java. It provides insight into still unresolved and underexplored chapters of Indonesian history and presents a strong plea for combining land use change science and (historical) political ecology.     

腾冲新生代火山区CO2气体释放通量及其成因

许多研究结果表明,休眠期火山主要通过喷气孔、温泉以及土壤微渗漏三种方式向大气圈释放温室气体。腾冲是我国重要的新生代火山区之一,同时也是主要的水热活动区,但是关于温室气体释放通量的研究却鲜有报道。本文首次估算了该地区土壤微渗漏和温泉水的CO2释放通量,并根据气体成分的分析结果探讨了这些温室气体的来源。2012~2013年连续两年使用密闭气室法现场测量了土壤微渗漏CO2通量,结果表明,马站、热海-黄瓜箐和五合-蒲川-团田三个地区通量较高,其中,热海-黄瓜箐地区平均通量最高,马站次之,五合-蒲川-团田地区最低。较高的土壤微渗漏CO2释放地区同前人推断的岩浆囊的分布在空间上具有较好的一致性;三个地区气体的3He/4He比值较高,三端元模拟结果表明,它们均有较高含量的幔源He释放;根据气体CO2/3He与δ13CCO,CO2模拟计算,CO2主要来源于碳酸盐矿物的脱碳作用和岩浆脱气。由此推断2的释放同深部的岩浆囊具有重要的成因联系,它为碳酸盐矿物的脱碳作用提供了主要的热源,同时也是重要的物质来源。根据土壤微渗漏CO2平均通量及火山、地热异常区的分布面积估算出三个地区土壤微渗漏CO2的释放通量分别为1.8×106t/a(马站),3.2×106t/a(热海-黄瓜箐)和2.0×106t/a(五合-蒲川-团田)。腾冲新生代火山区每年通过土壤微渗漏向大气圈释放CO2的量至少可达7.0×106t,为意大利Etna火山区释放CO2通量(1.4×107t/a)的二分之一。通过水岩相互作用计算温泉水中CO2气体的释放通量为4.9×104t/a。腾冲温泉气泡及温泉水向大气圈释放CO2气体的总通量为5.3×104t/a,远高于意大利Vulcano火山区温泉释放的CO2总通量(3.7×103t/a)。     

超浅覆土大断面矩形顶管近距离双线施工地表沉降规律及加固效果评价

矩形顶管施工过程中会对周围土体造成扰动,引起地表产生竖向变形。为研究超浅覆土顶管施工过程中的地表沉降规律,以深圳市某下穿道路矩形顶管工程为背景,使用PLAXIS 3D软件对顶管双线施工进行有限元模拟。首先将模拟结果与实测结果对比以验证模拟结果的合理性,然后分析双线施工地表沉降变化规律,最后对现场加固措施进行评价。主要结论如下：未加固时顶管顶进过程中,最大沉降量位于始发端,最大隆起量位于接收端;加固后地表沉降最大值点及沉降最大值均发生了改变：加固后地表最大沉降值点由始发井改变为顶管中部区域,最大沉降值减少了6.15 mm,表明现场加固方案效果显著;未加固和加固后地表沉降纵向曲线规律基本一致,表现为三个阶段：隆起期、快速沉降期和沉降稳定期;未加固和加固后地表横向沉降槽变化情况基本一致。     

区域性极端骤发干旱与传统干旱事件形成过程的对比

2009/2010年云贵地区（YGR）和2013年夏季中南地区（CSC）发生了近几十年以来最严重的干旱事件。文中对比了两次干旱事件的发展速度,基于水分收支原理,诊断影响干旱发展的物理过程。结果显示,CSC干旱发展前,温度升高,蒸散发增加,土壤湿度减少,高温和降水减少对干旱有触发作用;而YGR的降水减少使干旱开始发展。CSC干旱事件发展迅速,YGR干旱事件发展缓慢,同时前者干旱的维持和恢复时间也短于后者,这些差异与蒸散发过程强弱有关。CSC干旱事件发展阶段,蒸散发过程强,平均为4.7 mm/d,8 d时间,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%,促使干旱快速形成（典型骤发干旱）。YGR干旱发展阶段,蒸散发过程弱,平均为1.7 mm/d,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%历时2个多月（传统干旱）。蒸散发的强弱主要与区域大气柱的水汽净辐散有关。CSC干旱发展阶段,其大气柱水汽净辐散达每天3.1 kg/m²,增强了陆气水分交换,使蒸散发远大于降水,土壤湿度快速下降,加快干旱发展速度。YGR的区域大气柱水汽净辐散为每天1.1 kg/m²,只有CSC的1/3,使干旱发展缓慢。两个干旱事件的大气柱水汽净辐散主要发生在经向方向,即由区域北界相对较强的经向水汽输送引起。     

Caesium-137 in Southeast Asia: Is there enough left for soil erosion and sediment redistribution studies?

Low reference inventories of the fallout radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs in low latitudes may limit its present and future application for studies of soil erosion and sediment redistribution in Southeast Asia. ¹³⁷Cs reference inventories and concentrations in surface materials measured in nine and five areas, respectively, across Southeast Asia are here reported and reviewed. The compiled reference inventories decrease from north to south. Three global estimates of ¹³⁷Cs total fallout are also reviewed and compared to the measured data while taking into account factors that affect the fallout estimates and the reference inventory. The results are presented as a schematic regional distribution map of ¹³⁷Cs reference inventories for the year 2012. A relationship between a reference inventory and topsoil concentration is also provided. The measured ¹³⁷Cs concentrations suggest that a minimum detectable activity (MDA) less than 0.5 Bq/kg is required for detection of ¹³⁷Cs activity in topsoils in the lowest reference inventory areas. This sensitivity should allow, at present, ¹³⁷Cs to be a useful tool for analysis of soil erosion in Southeast Asia, should also be a useful chronometer, and will be a useful tracer at least where the reference inventory is more than 500–600 Bq/m². This level of MDA has been demonstrated in previous studies to be achievable by gamma-ray spectrometry using non-destructive sample treatment. As the nuclide decays, sufficient will remain to be useful until the middle of this century in most areas in Peninsular Malaysia and southern maritime Southeast Asia, and a few decades more in the rest of the region.     

Analytical solutions for consolidation aided by vertical drains

Soil disturbance caused during the installation of vertical drains reduces the in situ hydraulic conductivity of soft deposits in the immediate vicinity of the drains, resulting in a slower rate of consolidation than would be expected in the absence of disturbance. Experimental investigations have revealed the existence of two distinct zones, a smear zone and a transition zone, within the disturbed zone around the vertical drain. The degree of change in the hydraulic conductivity in the smear and transition zones is difficult to assess without performing of laboratory tests. Based on the available literature, four different profiles of hydraulic conductivity versus distance from the vertical drain were identified. Closed-form solutions for the rate of consolidation for each of these four hydraulic conductivity profiles were developed. It is found that different variations of the hydraulic conductivity profiles in the disturbed zone result in different rates of consolidation.