全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4949篇 |
免费 | 731篇 |
国内免费 | 808篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 453篇 |
大气科学 | 490篇 |
地球物理 | 1561篇 |
地质学 | 1908篇 |
海洋学 | 319篇 |
天文学 | 1006篇 |
综合类 | 241篇 |
自然地理 | 510篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 15篇 |
2023年 | 48篇 |
2022年 | 101篇 |
2021年 | 117篇 |
2020年 | 167篇 |
2019年 | 188篇 |
2018年 | 116篇 |
2017年 | 180篇 |
2016年 | 252篇 |
2015年 | 261篇 |
2014年 | 304篇 |
2013年 | 255篇 |
2012年 | 232篇 |
2011年 | 291篇 |
2010年 | 221篇 |
2009年 | 398篇 |
2008年 | 360篇 |
2007年 | 383篇 |
2006年 | 350篇 |
2005年 | 293篇 |
2004年 | 277篇 |
2003年 | 236篇 |
2002年 | 196篇 |
2001年 | 212篇 |
2000年 | 150篇 |
1999年 | 145篇 |
1998年 | 150篇 |
1997年 | 71篇 |
1996年 | 79篇 |
1995年 | 65篇 |
1994年 | 66篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 42篇 |
1991年 | 42篇 |
1990年 | 30篇 |
1989年 | 24篇 |
1988年 | 19篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1954年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有6488条查询结果,搜索用时 797 毫秒
991.
The recent transformation of wetlands into farmland in East Africa is accelerating due to growing food-demand, land shortages, and an increasing unpredictability of climatic conditions for crop production in uplands. However, the conversion of pristine wetlands into sites of production may alter hydrological attributes with negative effects on production potential. Particularly the amount and the dynamics of plant available soil moisture in the rooting zone of crops determine to a large extent the agricultural production potential of wetlands. Various methods exist to assess soil moisture dynamics with Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) being among the most prominent. However, the suitability of FDR sensors for assessing plant available soil moisture has to date not been confirmed for wetland soils in the region. We monitored the seasonal and spatial dynamics of water availability for crop growth in an inland valley wetland of the Kenyan highlands using a FDR sensor which was site-specifically calibrated. Access tubes were installed within different wetland use types and hydrological situations along valley transects and soil properties affecting soil moisture (organic C, texture, and bulk density) were investigated. There was little variation in soil attributes between physical positions in the valley, and also between topsoil and subsoil attributes with the exception of organic C contents. With a root mean squared error of 0.073 m3/m3, the developed calibration function of the FDR sensor allows for reasonably accurate soil moisture prediction for both within-site comparisons and the monitoring of temporal soil moisture variations. Applying the calibration equation to a time series of profile probe readings over a period of one year illustrated not only the temporal variation of soil moisture, but also effects of land use. 相似文献
992.
993.
This study developed a finite element method with the effect of soil–fluid–structure interaction to calculate bridge natural frequencies. The finite element model includes bridge girders, piers, foundations, soil, and water. The effective mass above the soil surface was then used to find the first natural frequency in each direction. A field experiment was performed to validate that the natural frequencies calculated using the proposed finite element method had acceptable accuracy. The calculated natural frequencies with the fluid–structure interaction effect are always smaller than those without this effect. However, the frequency change due to the fluid effect is not obvious, so using the soil–structure interaction model is accurate enough in the bridge natural frequency analysis. The trend of the frequency decreases with the increase of the scour depth, but the curve is not smooth because of non-uniform foundation sections and layered soils. However, when the scour depth is such that pile cap is exposed, the changes in natural frequency with the scour depth are more obvious, and this is useful for measurement of the depth using bridge natural frequencies. 相似文献
994.
995.
This paper presents a simple and stable procedure for the estimation of periods and dampings of piled shear buildings taking soil–structure interaction into account. A substructuring methodology that includes the three-dimensional character of the foundations is used. The structure is analyzed as founded on an elastic homogeneous half-space and excited by vertically incident S waves. The strategies proposed in the literature to estimate the period and damping are revised, and a modified strategy is proposed including crossed impedances and all damping terms. Ready-to-use graphs are presented for the estimation of flexible-base period and damping in terms of their fixed-base values and the system configuration. Maximum shear forces together with base displacement and rocking peak response are also provided. It is shown that cross-coupled impedances and kinematic interaction factors need to be taken into account to obtain accurate results for piled buildings. 相似文献
996.
997.
Abstract Regional frequency analysis of annual maximum flood data comprising 407 stations from 11 countries of southern Africa is presented. Forty-one homogeneous regions are identified. The L-moments of the observed data indicate that the possible underlying frequency distributions are Pearson type 3 (P3), lognormal 3-parameter (LN3), General Pareto (GPA) or General Extreme Value (GEV). Simulation experiments for the selection of the most suitable flood frequency procedure indicate that Pearson type 3/Probability Weighted Moments (P3/PWM) and log-Pearson type 3/Method of Moments (LP3/MOM) are suitable procedures for the region. 相似文献
998.
A field study evaluating wetted radius (Wr), downward depth (Dd), and upward movement (Um) under different emitter discharges and lateral depths was conducted. Four emitter discharges (2, 4, 8, and 16 L/h) and four lateral depths (0, 10, 20, and 30 cm) were tested in a clay loam soil. Relationships were found between the emitter discharge and lateral depth versus Wr, Dd, and Um. Wetting area at the surface occurs under different emitter discharges and lateral depths except at 30 cm lateral depth. At lateral depth of 0 and 10 cm, Wr and emitter discharge were positively correlated. The Dd was not affected by emitter discharge except for laterals installed at 20 cm depth. At 30 cm lateral depth, the correlations between each of Wr, Um, and Dd with emitter discharge were poor. The ratios of Wr/Dd and Um/Dd, with respect to emitter position, were less than unity over different emitter discharges and lateral depths. These results shed some light on the design of subsurface drip irrigation scheme so that the spacing between emitters should be determined based on the lateral depths and discharge of emitters. Evaporation losses were negligible for the 30‐cm‐lateral depth since the upward moisture movement has not reached the soil surface area at all discharge rates tested in the study. 相似文献
999.
Regulating Environmental Factors of Nutrients Release from Wheat Straw Biochar for Sustainable Agriculture 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
One mechanism by which biochar application enhances soil nutrient availability is through direct nutrients release from biochar. However, factors controlling the release processes are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of pH, biochar to water ratio, temperature, ionic strength, and equilibration time on the release of PO, NO, NH, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ from biochar were evaluated in simulated experiments. The release of PO, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ was significantly affected by extraction pH, suggesting that their release from biochar was pH dependent or an H+‐consuming process. Correlation analysis indicated that PO and Ca2+, PO and Mg2+, and Ca2+ and Mg2+ were co‐solubilized with increasing soil acidity. To a lesser extent, the recovery of the nutrients was also affected by the ratio of biochar to water: more nutrients were soluble with more water supply. In contrast, the release of Na was not affected by pH while the concentration increased with decreasing biochar to water ratio. Meanwhile, other factors (temperature, ionic strength, and equilibration time) had less effect on nutrient release from biochar. Under the influence of pH, the patterns of NO and PO release from biochar were different: extractable NO concentration was not affected by the pH but more PO was released in strongly acidic conditions. Our data suggested that P was mainly retained in inorganic forms while N was in organic forms in biochar. We conclude that environmental factors have marked influences on nutrients release from biochar. 相似文献
1000.
《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(6):461-487
Abstract Currently, many soil erosion studies at local, regional, national or continental scale use models based on the USLE-family approaches. Applications of these models pay little attention to seasonal changes, despite evidence in the literature which suggests that erosion risk may change rapidly according to intra-annual rainfall figures and vegetation phenology. This paper emphasises the aspect of seasonality in soil erosion mapping by using month-step rainfall erosivity data and biophysical time series data derived from remote-sensing. The latter, together with other existing pan-European geo-databases sets the basis for a functional pan-European service for soil erosion monitoring at a scale of 1:500,000. This potential service has led to the establishment of a new modelling approach (called the G2 model) based on the inheritance of USLE-family models. The G2 model proposes innovative techniques for the estimation of vegetation and protection factors. The model has been applied in a 14,500 km2 study area in SE Europe covering a major part of the basin of the cross-border river, Strymonas. Model results were verified with erosion and sedimentation figures from previous research. The study confirmed that monthly erosion mapping would identify the critical months and would allow erosion figures to be linked to specific land uses. 相似文献